草鱼肌肉生长抑制素cDNA克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从草鱼肌肉组织中克隆出MSTN cDNA序列,长度为1764 bp,编码区为1128 bp,共编码375个氨基酸.前体蛋白包括信号肽序列、N端前肽区、蛋白酶水解位点RIRR及C端活性区（含9个保守的Cys残基）.多重序列比较表明,草鱼与斑马鱼、黑头软口鲦之间的MSTN序列同源性在94%以上,与其它...     

草鱼胸腺素β11的cDNA克隆及序列分析

以前期构建的草鱼肠道cDNA文库中β胸腺素EST序列为基础,应用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术扩增草鱼胸腺素β11（thymosinβ11,Tβ11）的cDNA序列全长（NCBI登录号：HM120850）,该序列长320 bp,5’非翻译区47 bp,3’非翻译区141 bp,包含一个132 bp的开放读码框,编码43个氨基酸残基,蛋白质等电点为5.17,分子大小为4892 Da.与其他脊椎动物的同源性对比结果显示,草鱼与斑马鱼胸腺素β11的同源性最高,达到93.0%.结构预测显示草鱼胸腺素β11拥有典型的β胸腺素家族典型的二级结构.     

湘莲谷胱甘肽还原酶cDNA的克隆与分析

谷胱甘肽还原酶是植物体内一类重要的抗氧化酶.以湘莲叶片为材料,根据其它植物谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)氨基酸保守区序列设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR扩增到1个408bp大小的cDNA片段(Genbank注册号为AY781786),5`和3`RACE获得5`和3`端序列,全长1580bp,包含一个1140bp的开放阅读框架,编码380个氨基酸,与其它植物谷胱甘肽还原酶氨基酸序列的同源性在77%～92%之间.     

草鱼过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)基因 cDNA序列的克隆及其组成型表达

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)是核激素受体超家族成员之一,分α,β,γ 3个亚型,PPAR具有多种生物学效能,对其基因进行研究将有助于揭示草食性鱼类对营养物利用规律及其机制.通过简并引物克隆草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)PPAR基因cDNA核心序列,应用3'RACE技术扩增该序列的3'末端序列,并对其进行序列分析,最后用荧光定量PCR方法比较草鱼肝脏、脑、脾脏、肌肉、脂肪和心脏的PPARα、PPARβ和PPARγ基因mRNA相对表达水平.序列分析结果表明,草鱼PPARα、PPARβ和PPARy基因cDNA核心序列片段大小为631 bp,604 bp和651 bp,分别编码210、201和217个氨基酸,PPARy经3'RACE后共获得大小为1 331 bp的片段,编码337个氨基酸.草鱼与鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)等鱼类PPAR氨基酸序列同源性很高,为71.4%～96.1%;与人(Homo sapiens)、大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)、小鼠(Mus musculus)、牛(Bos taurus)等哺乳动物PPAR氨基酸序列的同源性也较高,为65.0%～77.6%;与非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)等两栖动物PPAR氨基酸序列的同源性约为67.0%.荧光定量PCR结果表明,草鱼PPARα于肝脏,PPARβ于肝脏、肌肉和心脏,PPARγ于肝脏的表达相对较高.相同物种不同PPAR亚型的同源性较低,而不同物种同型PPAR同源性很高,反映了不同亚型在结构上的差异,这与其在功能上的差异是相一致的.     

草鱼原肌球蛋白基因的克隆及其组织表达

为揭示原肌球蛋白基因在草鱼肌肉中的作用,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得了草鱼原肌球蛋白基因c DNA,并对该基因在普通草鱼和脆肉鲩不同组织中的表达情况进行研究分析。结果表明原肌球蛋白基因c DNA全长序列为1 705 bp,包含387 bp的5′UTR序列,1 307 bp的3′UTR序列和855 bp开放阅读框(ORF)。其ORF编码284个氨基酸。系统进化分析表明普通草鱼与斑马鱼、墨西哥脂鲤的原肌球蛋白基因核苷酸同源性分别是93%和87%,氨基酸同源性分别是96%和93%。在聚类上普通草鱼原肌球蛋白基因与其他鲤科鱼类同源性较高,表明亲缘关系最近,与传统分类相一致。Real time-PCR结果表明原肌球蛋白基因在所检测的普通草鱼和脆肉鲩7个组织中均有表达,原肌球蛋白基因在普通草鱼腹肌中表达最高,其次为前肠。原肌球蛋白基因在脆肉鲩腹肌中的表达低于普通草鱼,而脆肉鲩中肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、前肠、后肠中原肌球蛋白基因表达量大于普通草鱼相对应组织,但差异不显著。     

卵形鲳鲹Myostatin基因克隆及其在胚胎发育中的表达分析

为研究肌生长抑制素(myostatin, MSTN)在卵形鲳鲹胚胎发育过程中的表达,对卵形鲳鲹MSTN基因CDS区进行克隆与分析,并对其14个胚胎发育阶段的表达量进行研究。结果显示:克隆获得MSTN基因1 322 bp序列。该序列编码376个氨基酸,相对分子质量为42 694.85 u,理论等电点pI为5.52,为带负电的蛋白。MSTN蛋白质不存在跨膜结构域,亚细胞定位主要于细胞外部,可能属于分泌蛋白质,易于表达和纯化。MSTN蛋白质无信号肽序列,预测含有17个磷酸化位点。对24种鱼类MSTN基因序列的同源分析发现:卵形鲳鲹MSTN与布氏鲳鲹同源性最高,与黄尾鰤同源性次之;3种鱼类均属鲹科Carangidae,而鲹科鱼类与锯盖鱼科Centropomidae鱼类遗传距离最小,具有较近的亲缘关系。MSTN基因在卵形鲳鲹从受精卵到晶体出现期的13个阶段均表达量极低或不表达,组间差异不显著(P0.05),而在初孵仔鱼期表达量迅速升高,极显著高于前13个时期(P0.01)。MSTN基因可能在卵形鲳鲹孵化后发挥重要作用,而在孵化前作用微弱。     

人Oligophrenin 1样(OPHN1L)基因的克隆

将人Oligophrenin 1(OPHN1)基因编码区2406 bp与EST数据库进行同源性分析,得到一个363 bp的EST AA035622与OPHN1基因编码区一致性为62%,该EST与一个cDNA序列AB014521完全匹配.在ABO14521中设计引物与cDNA文库载体臂上引物行巢式PCR扩增并进行5′RACE,在胎盘cDNA文库中获得cDNA序列606bp,与AB014521拼接成一个6906 bp的cDNA序列,其中包含一个2442 bp的开放阅读框,编码813个氨基酸.该cDNA序列的GenBank登录号为AF141884,并经GDB命名委员会命名为OPHN1L基因.OPHN1L基因3′端与大规模测序的BAC克隆AC005348及AC004782完全匹配,从而将该基因定位于5q21.2～q21.3,并由此获得它的部分基因组结构.     

南阳黄牛CD14基因扩增及序列分析

根据GenBank发表的荷斯坦奶牛CD14基因的序列设计引物,通过PCR方法对南阳黄牛的CD14基因进行分段扩增并测序,拼接后得到包含CD14完整编码区以及5’端和3’端非编码区的2 969 bp的全序列。序列分析结果表明:南阳黄牛CD14基因开放阅读框全长966 bp,共编码321个氨基酸,碱基组成分别为A(18.4%)、T(18.4%)、C(32.9%)、G(30.2%),编码区与荷斯坦奶牛CD14基因相比发生了2个碱基突变,没有引起氨基酸的改变。在5’端和3’端存在较长的非编码区,与荷斯坦奶牛CD14基因相比发生了7个碱基突变。南阳黄牛的CD14基因与荷斯坦奶牛、水牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、猕猴、大猩猩、人、小鼠的同源性依次降低,分别为99.8%、98.2%、96.8%、92.8%、83.5%、79.8%、79.7%、79.5%、71.9%。进化树所得的聚类结果与传统的分类结果一致。通过蛋白质结构预测,发现南阳黄牛CD14没有跨膜结构域。     

牦牛INHBA基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank检索到的普通牛的INHBA基因序列设计一对特异性引物,以牦牛卵巢组织总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR技术对牦牛INHBA cDNA进行克隆测序和序列分析.结果表明:扩增片段1360bp,包含1277bp的编码区,编码426个氨基酸.与普通牛相比,牦牛INHBA基因编码区存在2处碱基转化.牦牛与普通牛、绵羊、人、鼠和猪的核苷酸序列同源性分别为99.84%、97.97%、91.41%、87.79%、91.94%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为99.53%、98.82%、95.77%、93.88%、93.88%.蛋白质结构分析显示,INHBA蛋白不易形成α螺旋和跨膜结构,是相对保守的疏水性蛋白.     

南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)神经肽Y基因cDNA克隆及组织表达分析

以南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)为对象,运用RT-PCR和RACE技术,获得神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Ty-rosing,NPY)基因cDNA的全序列.该基因cDNA全长743bp,包括3′非编码区(UTR)373bp,5′非编码区(UTR)82bp,开放阅读框(ORF)288bp,编码95个氨基酸.与其他脊椎动物进行同源性分析发现,南方鲇NPY序列与斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)的同源性最高,达79%,其次为瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii),同源性达76%.进化树分析也表明,南方鲇与斑点叉尾鮰和瓦氏黄颡鱼聚为一支.qPCR显示,南方鲇NPY mRNA在脑、心脏、肾脏、鳃、胃、肠和肝等7种组织中都有不同程度的表达,其中在脑中的表达量最高.     

RT—PCR检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒的方法研究

草鱼呼肠孤病毒（Grass carp reovirus,GCRV）为草鱼出血病的病原．本实验根据GenBank中GCRV和其他水生呼肠孤病毒毒株的第六基因片段,在其保守区设计了一对GCRV特异性引物,建立了快速检测GCRV的逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）方法．该PCR体系中,上下游引物的最适终浓度为120nmol／L,最适退火温度为52℃．PCR特异性试验表明：所设计的引物只能扩增GCRV的核酸,而不能扩增嗜水气单胞菌BSK-10、WSSV以及正常CIK细胞的DNA或RNA．敏感性试验表明,当GCRV的反转录模板稀释至5-7时,PCR结果还为阳性．用所建立的RT—PCR方法对5份样品进行检测,结果表明本研究建立的RT—PCR检测方法可靠且可行．     

Cloning and evolutionary analysis of cyclin B gene introns in cyprinids with different ploidy levels

Partial fragments of the cyclin B gene from triploid, tetraploid, and pentaploid hybrids of red crucian carp × blunt snout bream, blunt snout bream, grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp were amplified. One DNA fragment was amplified from the blunt snout bream, grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp (750, 950, 720, and 720 bp, respectively). Two fragments (1200 and 900 bp) were amplified from the red crucian carp, common carp, and allotetraploids. The triploid and pentaploid hybrids yielded three DNA fragments (1200, 900, and 750 bp). The 1200 bp fragment of the allotetraploid crucian carp, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid hybrids of red crucian carp × blunt snout bream shared 99.5%, 98.9%, 99.5%, and 88.7% homology, respectively, with the maternal DNA. The 900 bp fragment shared 97.5%, 94.6%, 94.2%, and 89.9% homology, respectively. Our results suggest that inheritance is maternally dominated. Furthermore, we observed preferential elimination of the paternal sequences in the allotetraploid hybrids. Based on these sequence analyses we constructed a phylogenetic tree to explain the relationships among the different ploidy levels.     

Analysis of intron sequence variability of the conservative HMG-box of Sox9 genes in allotetraploids and their original parents

The Sox genes of allotetraploids and their original maternal red crucian carp (Carassius caassius red var.) and original paternal common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were detected by PCR with the designed primers based on the conserved HMG-box sequence in different species. Sequencing of Sox genes indicated that two Sox9 genes (Atsox9a and Atsox9b) existed in allotetraploids, while only one Sox9 gene existed in red crucian carp (Rcsox9a) and common carp (Ccsox9b) . All of the four Sox9 genes contained an intron in the HMG-box. with the sizes of 413 bp, 703 bp, 401 bp and 714 bp, respectively. Moreover, the introns obeyed the rule of "GT-AG" . A high similarity was observed between introns of Atsox9a and Rcsox9a (94.4%), Atsox9b and Ccsox9b (97.8%). Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequences of their corresponding exons all shared 100% identity. Thus, introns of the HMG-domain of Sox9s in allotetraploids and their original parents have not only the length polymorphism but also intron variability. Our results provide significant molecular evidence for the origin and evolution of allotetraploids.     

Analysis of intron sequence variability of the conservative HMG-box of Sox9 genes in allotetraploids and their original parents

The Sox genes of allotetraploids and their original maternal red crucian carp （Carassius caassius red var.） and original paternal common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were detected by PCR with the designed primers based on the conserved HMG-box sequence in different species. Sequencing of Sox genes indicated that two Sox9 genes (Atsox9a and Atsox9b) existed in allotetraploids, while only one Sox9 gene existed in red crucian carp (Rcsox9a) and common carp (Ccsox9b). All of the four Sox9 genes contained an intron in the HMG-box, with the sizes of 413 bp, 703 bp, 401 bp and 714 bp, respectively. Moreover, the introns obeyed the rule of “GT-AG”. A high similarity was observed between introns of Atsox9a and Rcsox9a (94.4%), Atsox9b and Ccsox9b (97.8%). Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequences of their corresponding exons all shared 100% identity. Thus, introns of the HMG-domain of Sox9s in allotetraploids and their original parents have not only the length polymorphism but also intron variability. Our results provide significant molecular evidence for the origin and evolution of allotetraploids.     

Molecular cloning and polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class I genes from grass carp (Ctenophayngodon idellus)

In order to clarify the molecular sequences,allelic polymorphism and the tertiary structure of grass carp (Ctenophayngodon idellus) MHC class I,and to further study their relationship with disease resistances,grass carp MHC class I gene (Ctid-MHC I) was cloned from a cDNA library and the allelic polymorphism in the population was investigated.The results showed that most of the variations exist in the peptide-binding domain (PBD) and high polymorphism was identified in the Ctid-MHC I allelic genes from 12 individuals.Based on the genetic distance,Ctid-MHC class I can be classified into 6 types (from Ctid-MHC I-UA to Ctid-MHC I-UF) which were subdivided into 9 lineages (from A to I).Comparison of the Ctid-MHC I among animals and humans showed that the key amino acids of the peptide binding sites are conserved.Analysis of the tertiary structure of the PBD between Grass carp and human crystallographic data of HLA-A2,the variation with insertion or deletion was found in eight regions (A～H).The phylogenetic tree of MHC class I indicates the evolution of MHC class I among grass carp,fish,amphibian,birds,higher vertebrates and humans.     

Cloning,sequencing of the HSC70 gene in Ctenopharyngodon idella

A cDNA encoding heat shock cognate protein 70(HSC70)was cloned from liver of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)(GenBank JF436930).This cDNA was found out to contain2 346 bp in length,including 1 950 bp of complete coding sequence encoding 649 amino acids(aa),plus 89 bp of 5′-UTR and 307 bp of3′-UTR.Analysis of its genomic structure revealed that its corresponding gene contained seven exons and six introns.Homology analysis indicated that it shared 99%of identity with HSC70 of breams and 86%of identity with HSP70 of Drosophila.Fluorescent RT-PCR analysis revealed that at 28℃,this gene was expressed in abdominal fat,muscle,intestines,brain,middle kidney,head kidney,gonads,swim bladder,liver,heart,spleen,gills,and fins with expression level in liver being the highest(p0.05),followed by that in the gonads;at 36℃,its mRNA expression level was increased at first but then decreased thereafter under heat shock stress,indicating that its expression can be regulated by heat shock.In conclusion,cloning and expression analysis identified a cDNA encoding a constitutive HSP70 gene that is expressed in many tissues of Ctenopharyngodon idella and its expression was down-regulated by heat shock.     

Detection of Grass Carp Hemorrhage Virus （GCHV） from Vietnam and Comparison with GCHV Strain from China

Grass carp plays an important role in small-scale aquaculture in Vietnam. However, a severe disease, known in Vietnam as “Red Spot Disease“, is causing significant economic loss in grass carp aquaculture. In this study, the tissue samples isolated from the grass carp with Red Spot Disease in Vietnam are investigated and eomparied with the control GCHV isolated in China by experimental infection, culture cell infection, serological cross reactivity, and RT-PCR amplifica-tion. Infected grass carp exhibits hemorrhage symptoms about 5 days after experimental injection with GCHV-V (Vietnam) strain. The symptoms and lethality induced by the GCHV-V strain are identical to that induced by the Chinese GCHV-9014 strain. The Chinese GCHV-873 strain in-duces typical cytopathogenic effects in 4 cell lines, such as CIK, CAB, FHM and GCO, from the6 fish cell lines examined. No cytopathogenic effects are observed in all the 6 examined cell lines,including CAB, FHM, CIK, EPC, CCO and G(X), infected by the GCHV-V strain and GCHV-9014 strain. Immunodiffusion assays demonstrate an obvious cross-reactivity among three GCHVstrains. Precipitin lines are clearly observed not only between the anti-GCHV-873 serum and thetwo strains GCHV-873 and GCHV-9014, but also between the anti-GCHV-873 serum and the GCHV-V strain. GCHV can be detected by immunodiffusion assays after three generations of blind propagations in the cell lines inoculated by GCHV-V strain. This implicates that GCHV-Vviruses have been replicated and amplified despite there being no cytopathogenic eifects observed in these examined cell lines. Three genome segments of GCHV, including S8, S9 and S10, are amplified by three sets of PCR primers designed according to the segment sequences published re-cently. The Q8fp and Q8rp primer set specific for genome segment S8 amplifies a 955 bp frag-ment from the extracted sample of diseased fish with Red Spot Disease, and the fragment size is i-dentical to that amplified by the same primer set from control GCHV-873 strain. Simultaneously,the Q9fp and Q9rp primer set specific for genome segment S9 generates a same 635 bp product,and the Q10fp and Q10rp primer set specific for genome segment S10 produces a same 697 bp fragment from both template samples of diseased fish with Red Spot Disease and control GCHV-873 strain. The RT-PCR amplification and corresponding size comparison data indicate that the three GCHV-V genome segments extracted from the diseased grass carp with Red Spot Disease in Vietnam should be identical to that in control GCHV-873 strain from China. The data confirm that the causative agent of grass carp Red Spot Disease in Vietnam is a virus, and the virus is closely similar to GCHV strain in China.     

短时间微流水处理对草鱼鱼肉风味品质的影响

为改善草鱼鱼肉的风味品质,以池塘养殖草鱼为研究对象,采用室内微流水系统处理草鱼0、1、4、7d。采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术,并结合相对气味活度值分析,筛选出不同处理时间草鱼鱼肉中的关键气味物质；同时基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术的代谢组学方法,研究室内微流水处理对草鱼鱼肉滋味成分的影响。结果表明,微流水处理时间对草鱼鱼肉中气味成分的含量和种类有明显影响。随着处理时间的延长,草鱼鱼肉的风味前体物质谷胱甘肽、氧化型谷胱甘肽和多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量增加,关键气味成分中呈青草味的己醛、呈鱼腥味的庚醛、呈绿霉味的(E)-2-戊烯醛和1-庚醇等不良气味物质相对含量降低,滋味物质中呈鲜味和甜味的氨基酸和核苷酸含量累积,呈苦味的氨基酸含量逐渐降低,从而改善了草鱼的肉质口感和风味品质。     

Evolutionary relationship among Bothriocephalusparasitized in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C. et V.), common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and Ma Kou Yu Opsariichthys bidens Günther in China

RAPD was used to analyze the polymorphism of \%Bothriocephalus\% parasitic in grass carp and common carp from Guangdong, Fujian and Gansu and in Ma Kou Yu from Fujian. Though there exist differences in geographical distribution and host specificity between \%Bothriocephalus\% parasitic in grass carp and common carp, RAPD analysis shows high similarity (72.3%-96.3%) in DNA between them, whereas between \%Bothriocephalus\% parasitic in Ma Kou Yu and in grass carp and common carp low similarity (24%-28.2%) was noticed. Hence, \%Bothriocephalus\% parasitic in Ma Kou Yu and \%Bothriocephalus\% parasitic in grass carp and common carp should be regarded as separate species.