大鼠胚胎神经干细胞的培养和鉴定

目的　体外培养和鉴定神经干细胞 .方法　从胎鼠前脑取出脑组织 ,采用酶消化、机械吹打、对倍稀释成单个细胞 ,经无血清培养获得单细胞克隆 ,由免疫细胞化学方法鉴定分离的神经干细胞 .结果　从胎鼠脑中分离的细胞具有连续传代形成克隆的能力 ,表达神经干细胞蛋白 (nestin) ,并能诱导分化成神经元和神经胶质细胞 .结论　分离的细胞是神经干细胞 .     

大鼠胎脑神经干细胞的分离和培养

胚龄14．5～16．5d(E14．5～16．5)的大鼠胎脑组织获得大鼠胎脑神经干细胞(rat fetal neural stem cells，rFNSCs)，培养于含有碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor，bFGF)和表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor，EGF)的无血清培养液DMEM／F12中，用^3[H]胸苷掺入试验检测EGF和bFGF对大鼠胚胎神经干细胞分裂和增殖的影响．BrdU结合反应和nestin免疫组化检测显示培养细胞在早期时代约90％以上具有分裂增殖能力并显示nestln阳性，而且这些细胞在培养过程中可以分化神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞，证明分离培养的是神经干细胞，可用于移植、定向分化和基因转移的研究．     

CREB在家蚕中枢神经系统中的免疫组织化学定位

用免疫组织化学的方法,研究了CREB蛋白在家蚕中枢神经系统中的分布.结果表明,家蚕CREB蛋白在5龄幼虫期和蛹期的中枢神经系统中均有表达,主要分布在脑和神经节的胞体密集区.从5龄幼虫期到蛹期,随着发育的进行,CREB阳性细胞数逐渐减少.比较二化性品种的滞育系与非滞育系,CREB蛋白在5龄幼虫脑中的表达分布存在明显的差异,滞育系的阳性反应细胞比非滞育系多.这些结果暗示,CREB蛋白可能参与家蚕生长发育、变态的调控以及环境条件调控家蚕滞育的过程.     

人和小鼠神经干细胞的体外培养的分化研究

首次克隆了小鼠神经元标志性微管蛋白βⅢ基因，从核苷酸序列推导出小鼠与人两者之间在其羧基端有相同的EAQGPK六肽，进一步证实用抗人微管蛋白βⅢ单抗可检测小鼠神经干细胞分化成的神经元细胞，免疫组化鉴定显示小鼠神经干细胞在体积分数为1％胎牛血清（FBS）诱导下，可分化成神经元，星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞，同时培养了13周龄胎儿脑来源的人类神经干细胞，用特异性的抗人nestin抗体鉴定，全部为阳性细胞，但它们经诱导分化产生较不同寻常的细胞分化细胞和分化程度，在生长因子减半和1％FBS诱导条件下可分化为神经元和星形胶质细胞，而无少突胶质细胞分化，NF单抗检测证实为早期分化的神经元。     

神经生长抑制因子(GIF)和小分子G蛋白Rab3a在大鼠脑组织中的定位研究

神经生长抑制因子（GIF）是金属硫蛋白家族中唯一具有明确生理功能的成员，在Alzheimer’s症脑提取物存在下，对神经细胞的生长还具有抑制作用。Rab3a为小分子G蛋白的一种，通常以一种Ca2＋依赖形式在调控神经递质释放的过程中起着十分重要的作用。目的：本文用免疫组织化学的方法验证二者间的相互作用。方法：利用酶标定和荧光标定的免疫组化方法，确定GIF和Rab3a蛋白在大鼠脑中的分布定位及其二者的共定位。结果：用ABC Kit进行酶标定测得GIF和Rab3a在鼠大脑中的主要分布区域为脑皮层、海马等部位，用荧光标定的方法确定GIF和Rab3a两蛋白能在脑组织中共定位。结论：GIF和Rab3a广泛分布于脑组织申．且二者有共定住行为。为二者问存在相互作用提供了有力的证据．     

甲基汞对大鼠大脑皮层即刻早期基因c-FOS蛋白表达影响

为了探讨甲基汞对大鼠大脑皮层损伤的分子机制，应用免疫组织化学方法研究了甲基汞暴露后（对照组为ω=0．009的生理盐水，暴露组浓度分别为0．05、0．5、5μg／g；取样时间分别为20、60、240、1440min），大鼠大脑皮层即刻早期基因c-FOS蛋白表达变化．结果表明，大鼠脑c-FOS蛋白表达优先于汞的蓄积，甲基汞对大鼠大脑皮层c-FOS蛋白表达与其浓度之间有一定的剂量一效应关系；c-FOS参与了甲基汞对大鼠大脑皮层损伤毒性过程，即刻早期基因c-FOS可以作为甲基汞神经毒性检测评价效应指标．     

纹状体神经干细胞的分离培养及其鉴定

胎脑内存在有能分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞的神经干细胞 .在表皮生长因子 (EGF)或碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (b FGF)存在的条件下 ,从 14d胎鼠纹状体分离培养神经干细胞 ,并通过间接免疫荧光细胞化学法对其鉴定 ,发现大量呈 Nestin抗原阳性的干细胞团的形成 ,EGF和 b FGF对神经干细胞的增殖及分化能产生一定的影响 ,但它们对增殖及分化的影响是有差别的 .     

神经元素3蛋白(Ngn3)诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向胰岛素表达细胞分化的初步研究

胰腺发育相关基因神经元素3（neurogenin3,Ngn3）,属于碱性螺旋-环-螺旋（basichelix-loop-helix,bHLH）家族的转录因子,对胰腺内分泌细胞的发育及分化至关重要,且被认为是胰腺祖细胞的标志蛋白质．之前的研究发现,全长Ngn3蛋白具有蛋白质转导功能,可以高效进入多种真核细胞系．近年来多项研究显示,骨髓间充质干细胞是一种具有多向分化潜能的多能干细胞．利用蛋白质转导技术,将体外表达纯化的胰腺发育重要因子Ngn3蛋白导人体外分离培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中,诱导其向胰岛素表达细胞分化．结果显示,经Ngn3蛋白诱导的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞出现细胞聚集生长现象,并有形状类似胰岛的细胞团出现．RT-PCR结果显示经Ngn3蛋白诱导的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞可以有效表达胰岛素,并且一些β细胞相关基因如胰十二指肠同源盒基因-1（pancreatic-duodenal homeoboxl,Pdx-1）,神经分化因子（neurogenic differentiation,NeuroD）,同源结构域基因4（pairedboxgene4,Pax4）,葡萄糖转运体-2（gluoase transporter2,Glut-2）都有表达．细胞免疫荧光也可检测到胰岛素的表达．通过Ngn3蛋白质诱导分化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的初步研究,探索了应用骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化获得胰岛素表达细胞的可行性,为糖尿病治疗提供一定的实验依据．     

神经生长因子对神经干细胞向少突胶质细胞分化的诱导作用研究

目的体外分离和培养大鼠海马神经前体细胞,在此基础上探索在体外环境下使神经干细胞定向分化为少突胶质细胞,为后续的神经干细胞移植提供实验基础.方法取孕10 d的Wistar大鼠胚胎脑的海马,分离神经前体细胞,将单克隆的神经干细胞球贴壁,并使用生长因子(NGF),分析不同浓度的NGF对神经干细胞分化的影响.在含NGF的NSC培养基中进行体外培养,以GalC免疫组化标记分化后的少突胶质细胞,对神经干细胞的分化特性进行鉴定.结果NGF可促进神经前体细胞的增殖及神经球的克隆形成,并获得了Nestin阳性的神经前体细胞,其可分化为分别表达GaIC的阳性细胞.结论体外分离和培养的大鼠海马神经前体细胞,在NGF生长因子的作用下,神经干细胞可定向分化为少突胶质细胞,并与培养基中NGF的浓度有一定的关系,有望应用于脱髓鞘神经系统疾病的细胞移植治疗.     

精氨酸加压素免疫阳性神经元在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中的分布

精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)属于垂体后叶激素家族,它与神经内分泌的调节、心血管功能的调节、血压调节、学习和记忆以及生殖等生理功能密切相关.AVP在不同哺乳动物中枢神经系统内的分布方式和传输路径存在明显差异.本实验采用免疫组织化学ABC法系统观察了AVP免疫阳性神经元和免疫阳性神经纤维在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中的形态特征和分布特点.结果显示AVP免疫阳性神经元和免疫阳性神经纤维明显可见于中菊头蝠下丘脑室旁核、视上核、视交叉上核、下丘脑外侧区、正中隆起和垂体后叶,其细胞形态与其它哺乳动物相应结构的细胞特征类似,提示AVP神经元在哺乳动物下丘脑中的分布具有高度的保守性,AVP在中菊头蝠下丘脑可能有着与其它哺乳动物类似的功能.室周视前区、终纹床核和前脑外侧束也有少量AVP免疫阳性(immunoreactive arginine-vasopressin,AVP-ir)神经元分布,而在海马、隔核、杏仁核和侧间隔等边缘核团没有发现与大鼠等哺乳动物相应结构类似的分布,这可能与蝙蝠的视觉退化有关.     

神经干细胞的体外克隆

为建立神经干细胞体外稳定克隆的培养方法并对克隆进行鉴定，从胚胎大鼠脑组织中分离神经干细胞，采用无血清培养技术，在生长因子的作用下使其稳定增殖克隆。同时利用免疫荧光染色对神经干细胞进行鉴定。结果培养的神经干细胞增殖成神经干细胞球并传代，鉴定为nestin染色阳性细胞。说明利用无血清技术和特定生长因子，可使神经干细胞在体外稳定增殖克隆。     

Differentiation of embryonic stem cells transfected by ibeB gene

We have previously identified an E. coli determinant, ibeB gene locus contributing to invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. In the present study, we established embryonic stem (ES) cell lines overexpressing IbeB and found that exogenic ibeB gene could start-up expression of a neural stem cell specific marker, nestin, and give rise to polar changes. In analysis of IbeB location, it was found that GFP-IbeB fusion protein targeted at the ES cell nucleus. These data suggests that ibeB gene may play an important role in the regulation of nestin expression.     

Effect of Jiaji electroacupuncture in transected rat spinal cord

We evaluated the effect of Jiaji electroacupuncture on cell proliferation and the expression of markers of endogenous neural stem cell activation after complete spinal cord transection. Female Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups (n = 24 each): a sham-operated group, a control group, a Jiaji electroacupuncture group, and a Jiaji electroacupuncture preconditioning group. Motor function was significantly improved in the acupuncture groups compared to the control group at 7 and 14 d. Numbers of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-, nestin-, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were significantly greater in the acupuncture groups than in the controls at each time point. Expression of nestin and GFAP mRNA was significantly higher in the acupuncture groups than in the controls at each time point. Thus, Jiaji electroacupuncture and preconditioning may promote the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells after spinal cord transection.     

Induction-dependent neural marker expression and electrophysiological characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that naturally express high levels of nestin

Under certain experimental conditions, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express neuronal phenotypes and neuronal markers, which suggests that they could be used to treat various neurological diseases. In the present study, MSCs were isolated from adult rat bone marrow, cultivated, and evaluated for neurotrophin expression profiles, as well as the potential to differentiate into functional neuronal-like cells in vitro. MSCs from passage 5 were pre-induced with DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10 ng/mL bFGF (fibroblast growth factor-2). Subsequently, a chemical inductor containing Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO), Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and forskolin were used to induce neural expression of MSCs. Expression patterns of nestin, NF-200, and GFAP at time points before and after induction were detected by immunofluorescence. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressions in MSCs were evaluated by RT-PCR. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was utilized to elucidate the electrical behavior of MSC before and after 24-h differentiation induction. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that MSCs expressed nestin (57.1% ± 6.9%), but not NF-200 or GFAP. Following neural induction, the cells exhibited a neuronal-like appearance. Nestin and NF-200 expression was positive in the neuronal-like cells, but GFAP expression was negative. After 6-, 12- and 24-h induction, the ratio of nestin-positive cells was 96.5% ± 1.9%, 88.1% ± 5.4%, and 33.5% ± 5.4%. NF-200 positive cells were 90.1% ± 2.9%, 97.5% ± 1.3%, and 98.1% ± 1.6%, respectively. However, prior to induction, MSCs already expressed NGF and BDNF. With a stimulus impulse of 40 mV, the density of the transient outward K current was (9.95 ± 4.85) pA/pF (n = 9) and (328.50 ± 30.62) pA/pF (n = 9) before and after induction, and the density of transient calcium ion currents was (−0.059 ± 0.027) pA/pF (n = 7) and (−6.66 ± 0.50) pA/pF (n = 7), respectively. Transient outward potassium currents and calcium ions currents gradually increased following induction. In addition, MSCs isolated from bone marrow exhibited characteristics of neuronal progenitor cells and expressed neurotrophins. These cells exhibited the capacity to differentiate into functional neuronal-like cells in vitro. These results suggested that MSCs express high levels of nestin and could be utilized for therapeutic strategies to treat nervous system diseases.     

Purification of a pluripotent neural stem cell from the adult mouse brain

The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a population of neural stem cells (NSCs) with properties said to include the generation of non-neural progeny. However, the precise identity, location and potential of the NSC in situ remain unclear. We purified NSCs from the adult mouse brain by flow cytometry, and directly examined the cells' properties. Here we show that one type of NSC, which expresses the protein nestin but only low levels of PNA-binding and HSA proteins, is found in both ependymal and subventricular zones and accounts for about 63% of the total NSC activity. Furthermore, the selective depletion of the population of this stem cell in querkopf mutant mice (which are deficient in production of olfactory neurons) suggests that it acts as a major functional stem cell in vivo. Most freshly isolated NSCs, when co-cultured with a muscle cell line, rapidly differentiated in vitro into myocytes that contain myosin heavy chain (MyHC). This demonstrates that a predominant, functional type of stem cell exists in the periventricular region of the adult brain with the intrinsic ability to generate neural and non-neural cells.     

Mouse neural stem cells culturedin vitro and expressing an exogenous gene

Neural stem cells are the multipotential, self-renewing cells in central nerve system, and play an essential role in the development and differentiation of nerve system. Neural stem cells can be used to treat the nerve system diseases, especially, the transplantation of neural stem cells to rescue the degenerated neural cells has become a very promising therapeutic way. We successfully cultured neural stem cells isolated from the brains of embryonic micein vitro and determined their distribution in the E17 mice brains. The neural stem cells were transfected with adenoviral vector carrying GFP (green fluorescence protein) gene and then highly expressed the exogenous gene. It paves the way for gene therapy of degenerative nerve system diseases.     

新生大鼠海马神经干细胞缺血再灌注实验模型建立

目的探讨建立新生大鼠海马神经干细胞体外缺血再灌注模型。方法体外细胞培养采用无血清培养。实验分为模型组和对照组,模型组采用氧糖剥夺（OGD）法模拟在体缺血,应用MTT法检测海马神经干细胞的OD值。结果细胞OGD处理后,不同时间点的细胞活性与正常对照组比较,最初活性升高,随后活性下降,4h、6h显著差异（P〈0．05）,有明显统计学意义。结论此方法建立的细胞体外缺血再灌注模型结果可靠,能应用于实验研究。