A wetness index derived from tree-rings in the Mt. Yishan area of China since 1755 AD and its agricultural implications

Dendroclimatological techniques were employed to investigate the relationship between Chinese Pinus(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) growth and climatic variability in the Mt.Yishan region of Shandong Province, China, over the past253 years. Using regression analysis, the wetness index(WI)was reconstructed for the Mt. Yishan area for the period1755–2007 AD based on tree-ring widths; predictor variables accounted for 40 % of the variance. The reconstructed timeseries displayed an increasing trend after the late 1960 s. Both the estimated and the observed WI for May–August were better correlated with precipitation than temperature during the period 1958–2007 AD, indicating that the contribution of precipitation to the WI was larger than temperature in the study area. The reconstructed WI was compared with the dryness/wetness index of China and land areas that were affected by droughts and floods using the agricultural statistics for Shandong Province. In addition, the WI time-series corresponded well with the peanut yield in Shandong Province at high frequency, which may be reasonable in the context of agriculture in Shandong. The 3-, 5- to 6- and 9- to10-year periodicities detected in the time-series suggested that the reconstructed WI in the Mt. Yishan area may be related to large-scale climate variations.     

Different effects of substrates on the morphologies of single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this work, different effects of substrates on the morphologies of single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） are studied. SWNTs were produced by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition using CH4 as carbon source gas and Ar as carrier gas. Then the SWNTs were deposited on lithography-patterned different substrates. The as-grown SWNTs at the boundaries between SiO2 and metal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that SWNTs deposited on low-conductivity substrates trend to have curved morphologies and some of them form rings, while SWNTs deposited on metal sub- strates remain straight and orientated. The mechanism of these effects was also discussed, which is closely related to the thermal conductivities and the principle of energy dissipation.     

Theoretical advances of the structures and catalytic activities of small-sized gold nanoclusters

Gold nanoclusters exhibit extraordinary catalytic activities,but the dominating factor is still unclear due to the complexity of the structures.In this review,we briefly summarized the recent theoretical progress on their structures and catalytic activities.Combining the experimental and theoretical efforts,the structures of small-sized gold clusters have been explored systematically.Based on the determined structures,factors that influence the catalytic capabilities of small-sized gold clusters(Au_(16)-Au_(35))are studied using CO oxidation asa probe.The preadsorption energies of CO and O_2are found strongly correlated with catalytic activities,which could be affected by the clusters'geometries,sizes,and charge distributions.In addition,the presence of water could significantly lower the activation energy barrier of O_2 dissociation to enhance the clusters'catalytic activities.     

Ion flux dropout observed near dipolarization front

An ion flux dropout near the dipolarization front （DF） at around XGSM =- 11 RE in the Earth＇ s plasma sheet was observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction during substorms （THEMIS） on March 31, 2009. The ion differential energy fluxes at energies from 450 eV to 150 keV measured by the ESA and SST instruments from THC began to decrease about 2 s before the detection of the DF and reached a local minimum 6 s later. Then, the ion fluxes gradually increased to form a dropout around the DF. The spatial extent of the dropout was about 4,000 km. For energies above 20 keV, the ion fluxes after the dropout are greater than those before it, contrary to the fluxes at energies below 20 keV. The associated ion density variation indicates that the ion flux dropout coincides with the ion density dropout. Taking advantage of multipoint observations, THD, THC, and THE detected the same DF consecutively. Only THC detected an obvious ion flux dropout; THD observed an indistinct one about 2 s before THC; no high-energy （E 〉 30 keV） ion flux dropout was observed by THE. Our study suggests that the ion flux dropout may evolve with the earthward-propagating DF, and its properties can depend on locations relative to the DF.     

Growth mechanism of liquid Hg/solid β-HgS metal-semiconductor heterostructures

Density functional theory （DFT） was utilized to simulate the reactions occurred in the mixture solution of cysteine and Hg（II） ions with the ratio 〈 2. Simulation result shows that Hg ions will coordinate to cysteine by the thiol groups with the form of S-Hg2 and S-Hg3; and moreover, the content of free Hg ions can only be reduced by these two forms. OH- plays an important role in the growth of β-HgS, because its nucleophilic substitution reaction supplies plenty of Hg-S-Hg radicals, which will be adsorbed onto the surface of liquid mercury ball and form the precursor of 13-HgS（111） plane. Three valent bonds adsorption of Hg-S-Hg radicals onto the surface of Hg ball has more adsorption energy （-32.768 kcal mol-1） than that of two valent bond adsorption （-20.882 kcal - mol-1）. Hg balls will stop growing after completely covered with Hg-S-Hg radicals and their size will be limited. The growth direction of β-HgS is parallel to the ＂repel- ling＂ force, that is [111] direction in β-HgS lattice. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental observations, demonstrating that the DFT method can be taken as a very useful tool to interpret the solution reactions that cannot be solved by conventional methods.     

专利风险评价指标体系构建及关键指标国际比较

 从经济安全的角度，基于专利价值链理论，构建了一套专利风险评估指标体系，用于衡量一个国家或地区在专利活动中遭遇风险的程度。利用专利基本活动中的4个关键指标，即专利质量水平、专利转化能力、专利纠纷风险程度和专利贸易国际地位，对美国、日本、韩国、德国和中国进行比较分析，得出2006-2015年，中国的专利发展“快而不高”“大而不强”，但与其他专利强国相比，在专利价值链关键环节的竞争中，中国不占优势，甚至存在较为严重的风险，尤其专利使用费逆差越来越大，对国家经济安全存在一定程度的威胁。     

巴基斯坦科技教育政策的历史和现状

 系统梳理巴基斯坦1947-2017年的全国性教育政策文本，发现巴基斯坦政府颁布的9份教育政策文件均涉及科技教育内容。结合政局和一般社会发展状况的分析发现，巴基斯坦科技教育政策及其实施经历了4个阶段的变化。1947-1971年，受国家整体知识发展水平限制，新生国家面临各种国内外政治经济等迫切问题，科技教育政策无法得到完全实施。1972-1998年，巴基斯坦国内外政治局势变换，教育政策未得到持续、稳定的有效实施，科技教育发展缓慢。1998年以来，政治环境得到改善，科技教育真正开始得到重视并快速发展。目前巴基斯坦科技教育尚处于精英教育和实用教育阶段，投入短缺和无专门管理机构，是掣肘其科技教育规划落实的两大因素。     

青年科技工作者的心理健康状况及影响因素

 青年科技工作者作为科研事业的主力军，承受了更多的工作任务和压力，也面临更多的心理健康风险。为了解青年科技工作者的心理健康状况及影响因素，对中国35岁及以下的青年科技工作者分别在2009年和2017年进行两次大规模调查。研究结果显示：青年科技工作者中有21%存在着不同程度的抑郁表现，47.9%存在不同程度的焦虑问题，11%的青年科技工作者在最近1年中有过自杀意念，青年科技工作者整体心理健康状态呈现下降趋势；青年科技工作者比其他年龄的群体有更多的抑郁倾向和自杀意念，但焦虑水平无显著差异；女性和低学历青年科技工作者有更多的自杀意念，低学历青年科技工作者还有更多的抑郁情绪；婚姻状况、婚姻满意度、情绪调节方式和工作环境均显著影响该群体的心理健康状况。     

基于载噪比模型加权的GNSS双频载波和差联合跟踪算法优化与分析

前期发展的全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)双频载波和差联合跟踪算法存在双频信号载噪比不一致情况下双频信号跟踪稳定度和跟踪精度较差问题,对此提出了优化改进的算法。针对实际应用中共星双频信号存在的信号载噪比不同情况,优化原有双频载波和差联合跟踪环路结构,基于载噪比模型计算GNSS双频信号在双频载波和差联合跟踪环路中的加权值,利用该加权值实现共星双频信号的载波和差联合跟踪。算法理论分析和仿真结果表明,优化后的基于载噪比模型加权的GNSS双频载波联合跟踪算法更加适用于实际应用条件,能够提高原有算法在双频信号载噪比不一致情况下共星双频信号跟踪稳定性和跟踪精度。     

基于复杂网络理论的水网节点重要性评价研究

复杂水网节点的重要性排序在工程应用中有重要实践意义,对于水网调度、安全管理有重要借鉴意义.为此,本文在复杂网络理论基础上,以山西大水网节点重要性排序问题为背景,对水网节点重要性评价进行研究.首先从整体角度出发,不考虑水网方向和干支斗毛级别差异,基于水网全局网络拓扑结构,从局部属性、全局属性、传播属性和网络位置四个方面定义了节点重要性评价指标.其次,分别根据这四个指标,对水网节点重要性进行排序分析,结合分析结果对网络位置指标进行了改进.然后,由于单指标评价结果不够全面且适用范围具有很大的局限性,给出了基于TOPSIS的多属性决策方法来综合评价节点的重要性.最后,考虑水网方向和级别差异,提出对水网进行干支斗毛级别划分,基于Page Rank算法对同一级别的有向赋权水网节点重要性评价进行研究.