我国高校科研态势与科研体制改革对策

我国高校科研在全国科研体系中占有重要地位，同时在科研评价导向、协作机制、科研经费管理、大学功能与创新文化等方面存在不利于科研质量提升的问题。本文分析提出了为实现高校科技创新而应当采取的科研体制改革对策，主要包括：明晰高校新的功能定位；改进科研评价体系；加强高校内外的资源互补性合作；建立科研项目间接经费补偿机制；培育大学精神与创新文化。     

温室气体甲烷质量浓度变化规律

利用Hilbert-Huang变换方法对青海瓦里关观测站1991-05-2010-12期间的月平均甲烷质量浓度观测值进行研究.研究结果表明:瓦里关自1991年以来甲烷质量浓度呈递增趋势,其月平均值比全球甲烷质量浓度平均值高60～110 μg/L;瓦里关甲烷质量浓度的瞬时增长率趋势与甲烷全球平均瞬时增长率趋势一致,但是,其波动范围更大,增长率在-8～23 μg/(L·a)内波动,而全球平均波动范围为-5～15μ/(L·a)；质量浓度变化存在6个本征周期,分别是4月、7月、约1a、约2a、约5a和约11 a；其中约1a的周期与离瓦里关站最近的西宁市气温变化1a周期、西宁市降水11月周期紧密相关,约11a的周期与太阳黑子活动的11a周期相关性大,说明它们是引起甲烷质量浓度变化的重要因素.     

Mapping CD20 molecules on the lymphoma cell surface using atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to locate CD20 molecules on the surface of lymphoma Raji cells. Rituximab (a monoclonal antibody against CD20) molecules were linked onto the AFM tip via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. Raji cells were adsorbed onto glass slides coated with poly-L-lysine. First, the CD20 distribution in a local area of the cell surface was visualized using the AFM lift scan mode. Second, 16 × 16 force curves were obtained from the same cell area to construct the CD20-rituximab binding force map. Finally, free rituximab was added to block the CD20 molecules on the cell surface and the lift phase image and CD20-rituximab force map were obtained again. The experimental results indicated that when the lift height was greater than the length of the PEG linker, no recognition sites were observed in the lift phase image. However, as the lift height decreased to the length of the PEG linker, some recognition sites were observed in the lift phase image and these sites were generally consistent with the pixels in the force map. After blocking, both the recognition sites in the lift phase image and the gray pixels in the binding force map decreased markedly. These results can improve our understanding of the distribution of protein molecules on the cell surface and facilitate further investigations into cellular functions.     

Sequence analysis of the Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912 phytochrome gene supports positive selection in cyanobacteria

The phytochrome gene from Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912,isolated from algal blooms in Taihu Lake in China,was sequenced and found to code for a wavelength transition light receptor protein.The gene was composed of five distinct domains:a PAS fold domain,a GAF domain,a phytochrome domain,a His Kinase A(phosphoacceptor) domain,and a histidine kinase domain.Red-absorbing phytochrome,far-red-absorbing phytochrome,and photoconversion kinetics were monitored via the spectral characteristics of the protein.To detect positive selection,homologous sequences from cyanobacterium phytochrome genes were obtained from GenBank.Potential selective pressure was identified by phylogenetic analysis with maximum likelihood analyses.The frequency of the phytochrome gene being subjected to selective constraints suggests that positive selection is a potentially important mechanism that promotes the evolution of the cyanobacteria phytochrome gene.The sites identified in this study provide targets for further research on the structural-functional role of these residues,and on the correlation with the mechanism of algal blooms.     

基于流式渐进传输的大规模网络地形实时漫游

针对基于网络大规模三维地形的仿真应用需求,提出一种网络地形流式渐进传输与实时绘制方法,该方法通过提出适用于地形几何特征的整数提升小波变换来构造多分辨率地形四叉树模型,并将地形压缩为渐进比特流,提出了针对流式传输的客户端数据调度与预测算法,并基于视点无关批LOD误差控制实现渐进渲染。实验表明,该方法无层次数据冗余,数据压缩比率高,能够有效降低网络数据传输量,客户端能够适应网络带宽变化,实现大规模网络地形场景的实时交互式漫游。     

The radiolytic behavior and mechanism of calixarene crown ether under γ-irradiation

Bis(2-propyloxy)calix[4]crown-6 (BPC6) is an effective separation agent for cesium removing from spent nuclear fuel. The study on radiolytic behavior of BPC6 itself under γ-irradiation was required for evaluating its feasibility of practical application. It was found that BPC6 exhibited excellent radiation stability at dose less than 100 kGy. However, the isopropyl groups in BPC6 under- went oxidation and dealkylation to form carbonyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups at dose above 300 kGy, respectively. When the dose was more than 1000 kGy, the ring opening of crown ether structure of BPC6 resulted in the formation of phenolic hydroxyl groups as well. The formation of radiolytic products containing phenolic hydroxyl groups during the irradiation of BPC was confirmed by using FeCl 3 as a probe. Combining with the radiolytic behavior of two model chemicals (1-isopropoxybenzene and benzo-18-crown-6 ether), the radiolytic behavior and mechanism of BPC6 under -irradiation was testified further.     

Missing completely of the CMB quadrupole in WMAP data

In cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, foreground-cleaned temperature maps are still contaminated by the residual dipole due to uncertainties of the Doppler dipole direction and microwave radiometer sidelobe. To obtain reliable CMB maps, such contamination has to be carefully removed from observed data. We have previously built a software package for map-making, residual dipole-contamination removal, and power spectrum estimation from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) raw data. This software has now been significantly improved. With the improved software, we obtain a negative result of CMB quadrupole detection with the WMAP raw data, which is 3.2±3.5 K2 from the seven-year WMAP (WMAP7) data. This result is evidently incompatible with ～1000 K2 expected from the standard cosmological model ΛCDM. The completely missing of CMB quadrupole poses a serious challenge to the standard model and sets a strong constraint on possible models of cosmology. Due to the importance of this result for understanding the origin and early evolution of our universe, the software codes we used are opened for public checking.     

The role of reservoir mediums in natural oil cracking: Preliminary experimental results in a confined system

Large amounts of data regarding the influence of temperature and pressure on the thermal stability of crude oil have been published; however, the role of reservoir mediums has received little attention. Experiments involving oil cracking in the presence of montmorillonite, illite, calcite, quartz and water were conducted in closed gold tubes to investigate the effects of these reservoir mediums on oil destruction. This was done by screening variations in the chemical and stable carbon isotopic components of nC₁₀₊ and gasoline-range hydrocarbons (nC_8?) present in various systems. Results indicated that reservoir mediums have an active role in oil cracking under experimental conditions. The concentrations of nC₁₀₊ in the cracked residues progressively decreased in systems containing oil+water+illite, oil+water+montmorillonite, oil+water, oil+water+quartz and oil+water+calcite. In comparison with the system containing oil+water, our results indicated a retardation effect for oil cracking in systems in the presence of illite and montmorillonite, and an acceleration effect on oil destruction in systems in the presence of calcite and quartz. nC₁₀₊ became increasingly depleted in ¹³C in systems with oil+water+illite, oil+water+calcite, oil+water+montmorillonite, oil+water+ quartz and oil+water. No obvious correlation was observed between concentrations and stable carbon isotopic components of nC₆-nC₈ and nC₁₀₊ in the individual systems. The discrepancies in chemical and stable carbon isotopic components of nC₆-nC₈ and nC₁₀₊ in the pyrolyzed residues highlighted the important role of reservoir mediums to control carbon-carbon cleavage of nC₁₀₊ and then the isomerization, cyclolization and aromatization reactions; as well as governing the occurrence and thermal destruction of nC₆-nC₈ under experimental conditions. This research may have critical implications in reconstructing chemical kinetic models for natural oil cracking.     

Sinorhizobium meliloti lsrB is involved in alfalfa root nodule development and nitrogen-fixing bacteroid differentiation

Rhizobia interact with host legumes to induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules, which is very important in agriculture and ecology. The development of nitrogen-fixing nodules is stringently regulated by host plants and rhizobial symbionts. In our previous work, a new Sinorhizobium meliloti LysR regulator gene (lsrB) was identified to be essential for alfalfa nodulation. However, how this gene is involved in alfalfa nodulation was not yet understood. Here, we found that this gene was associated with prevention of premature nodule senescence and abortive bacteroid formation. Heterogeneous deficient alfalfa root nodules were induced by the in-frame deletion mutant of lsrB (lsrB1-2), which was similar to the plasmid-insertion mutant, lsrB1. Irregular senescence zones earlier appeared in these nodules where bacteroid differentiation was blocked at different stages from microscopy observations. Interestingly, oxidative bursts were observed in these nodules by DAB staining. The decreased expression of lipopolysaccharide core genes (lpsCDE) was correspondingly determined in these nodules. S. meliloti lipopolysaccharide is required for suppression of oxidative bursts or host cell defense. These findings demonstrate that the S. meliloti lsrB gene is involved in alfalfa root nodule development and bacteroid differentiation by suppressing oxidative bursts or defense responses in host cells.