烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

线性回归模型的一类新约束型LIU估计

针对带线性约束型的回归模型复共线性问题,提出了一种新估计,称之为修正约束型LIU估计,给出了新估计的性质.在均方误差准则基础上证明了在一定条件下,修正约束型LIU估计优于最小二乘估计、岭估计、修正岭估计和约束型LIU估计,最后讨论了新估计的可容许性.     

协变量缺失下基于诱导光滑方法的加权分位数回归

在部分协变量随机缺失机制下的分位数回归模型中, 提出回归参数的诱导光滑加权估计及其渐近协方差估计, 证明了诱导光滑加权估计和经验似然加权估计有相同的渐近协方差, 且诱导光滑加权估计的渐近协方差估计也是相合的, 并给出了诱导光滑加权估计及其渐近协方差估计的高效算法. 模拟结果表明, 新方法在有限样本下表现优良.     

均方误差准则下的几乎无偏Stein岭型主成分估计的优良性

将Stein岭型主成分估计利用几乎无偏估计思想进行优化,得到几乎无偏Stein岭型主成分估计.并考虑均方误差准则,得到了几乎无偏Stein岭型主成分估计优于最小二乘估计、Stein岭型主成分估计的充分条件.并通过数值实验证明在给定k或p时,几乎无偏Stein岭型主成分估计的均方误差与Stein岭型主成分估计的均方误差较为接近,且远大于最小二乘估计的均方误差.     

线性模型回归参数的Bayes线性估计

在 C.R.Rao 工作中曾指出:在线性有偏估计类中一致地改进最小二乘估计是不可能的.本文试图局部地改进最小二乘估计.本文定理1求出了线性模型的 BLE;定理2指出,近年来研究的 Stein 估计、岭估计都是 BLE;定理3表明,存在一个以原点为中心的、椭球,使得在该域内 BLE—致优于通常的最小二乘估计(LS).     

Stein损失函数下的保费估计

利用信度理论研究在Stein损失函数下的保费估计问题,分析了贝叶斯估计、信度估计、多层贝叶斯估计3种估计,并计算3种保费估计,比较其结果发现在Stein损失函数下:当样本数n趋于无穷大时,信度保费会收敛到风险保费,且多层贝叶斯估计比贝叶斯估计的稳健性更强.     

Jackknifed Liu estimator in linear regression models

In this paper, we introduce a generalized Liu estimator and jackknifed Liu estimator in a linear regression model with correlated or heteroscedastic errors. Therefore, we extend the Liu estimator. Under the mean square error(MSE), the jackknifed estimator is superior to the Liu estimator and the jackknifed ridge estimator. We also give a method to select the biasing parameter for d. Furthermore, a numerical example is given to illustvate these theoretical results.     

线性回归模型的一种新的有偏估计

本文提出了线性模型在随机约束条件下的一种岭估计,并给出了在均方误差矩阵准则下这种新的岭估计优于混合估计与岭估计的充要条件.     

岭回归参数选择的主成分方法

当线性回归模型中自变量出现共线时,最小二乘估计不再是良好估计。岭回归估计和主成分估计是新提出的两种估计方法,本文讨论了在某些条件下,这两种估计是很接近的,同时提供了一种选择岭回归参数K的方法,称为主成分选择法。文章还列举了两个典型例子来说明。     

平衡损失下Bayes线性无偏最小方差估计的优良性

在平衡损失风险函数准则下研究了未知参数的Bayes线性无偏最小方差(BLUMV)估计相对于最小二乘(LS)估计的优良性.在predictive Pitman closeness(PRPC)准则下研究了BLUMV估计相对于LS估计的优良性.     

混合系数线性模型参数的岭估计

在连续测量数据情况下，针对模型的复共线性，给出了混合系数线性模型参数的两种岭估计，讨论了岭估计的相关性质，并证明了在均方误差意义下，通过选取适当参数，岭估计可优于最小二乘估计，最后讨论了岭估计的可容许性并给出了岭参数的选取方法。最终得到了岭参数的最优估计。