基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响因素

工作记忆内容对视觉搜索中注意选择的影响到底如何, 与工作记忆内容匹配的项目是否总是会自动捕获注意, 至今仍存在争议。本研究针对前人研究中存在的差异和不足, 统一采用“ 记忆 - 搜索” 双任务范式来探讨搜索任务难度、搜索项目刺激强度以及记忆任务呈现时间对基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响。结果发现: 当采用困难搜索任务时, 干扰条件下被试反应时与中性条件下反应时无显著差异, 说明难度会影响工作记忆内容对注意选择的自动导向效应, 但这种影响只有在搜索任务难度足够大的情况下才能体现出来。而在本研究中并未发现刺激强度和记忆任务呈现时间这两个因素对基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响, 即无论刺激强度高低, 或记忆任务呈现时间长或短, 与工作记忆内容匹配的搜索项目还是会“ 自动捕获注意” , 导致干扰条件下被试反应时显著慢于中性条件。
     

基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响因素

工作记忆内容对视觉搜索中注意选择的影响到底如何,与工作记忆内容匹配的项目是否总是会自动捕获注意,至今仍存在争议。本研究针对前人研究中存在的差异和不足,统一采用"记忆-搜索"双任务范式来探讨搜索任务难度、搜索项目刺激强度以及记忆任务呈现时间对基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响。结果发现:当采用困难搜索任务时,干扰条件下被试反应时与中性条件下反应时无显著差异,说明难度会影响工作记忆内容对注意选择的自动导向效应,但这种影响只有在搜索任务难度足够大的情况下才能体现出来。而在本研究中并未发现刺激强度和记忆任务呈现时间这两个因素对基于工作记忆内容的注意导向的影响,即无论刺激强度高低,或记忆任务呈现时间长或短,与工作记忆内容匹配的搜索项目还是会"自动捕获注意",导致干扰条件下被试反应时显著慢于中性条件。     

刺激属性在基于工作记忆表征的视觉注意中的作用

工作记忆表征能否自上而下地引导视觉注意选择,目前研究结果尚存在争议,而导致争议结果的原因亦不清晰.为了探究导致以往研究中有无发现引导效应的关键因素,该研究设计3个实验,要求被试在工作记忆储存任务的过程中完成一个视觉搜索任务,实验1与3的结果发现,当工作记忆表征包含可引导注意的属性时,不管视觉搜索靶子是否变化,该记忆表征都会引导注意偏向到视觉情境中与之匹配的干扰刺激,而实验2中的工作记忆表征不包含可有效引导注意的属性时,即使采用变化靶子的视觉搜索类型,也没有发现引导效应.此结果表明基于工作记忆表征的注意引导效应是否出现在一定程度上取决于该表征是否包含可有效引导注意的属性,而非视觉搜索类型.     

网络成瘾者的特征捆绑机制

考察了网络成瘾者的捆绑机制在注意和工作记忆水平上的特点.实验一采用错觉性结合范式,选取大学生网络成瘾者和正常被试各10名接受实验.实验二采用再认范式,选取了2类大学生各15名接受实验任务.结果发现,网络成瘾者在注意水平上的捆绑能力明显低于正常被试,在记忆水平上仅表现出一般的记忆机制的损害.结果表明,捆绑机制的损害是网络成瘾现象的重要机制之一,但其高级心理过程仍有待研究.     

时间压力下驾驶舱界面视觉搜索绩效研究

为探究不同时间压力下飞机驾驶舱界面搜索特征从而提升任务绩效，通过模拟飞机飞行状态下的任务搜索过程，采用眼动追踪、绩效评估及量表测量等方法来获取被试的视觉搜索轨迹与任务绩效数据并对所获取的多通道数据进行分析.结果表明：在不同时间压力(无、低、高)与不同界面复杂度(简单、复杂)下被试的视觉搜索特征存在显著差异；高时间压力与复杂界面显示都会给被试带来较高的心理认知负荷；时间压力在简单界面显示中存在倒“U”型关系.研究为飞机驾驶舱复杂人机界面设计提供了科学的理论依据.     

工作记忆、注意与一般液态智力之间关系的实证研究

选取高中生、大学生、研究生和高中青年教师共48名.采用被试内设计,对工作记忆、注意与智力之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:①三者之间的关系与所选用的测试材料有关.用汉语双字词所测的工作记忆与智力之间的相关不显著,而用大写字母所测的工作记忆与智力之间相关显著.②三者之间的关系与其所应用的注意评定测验有关.工作记忆与选择注意相关显著,而与维持注意相关不显著;智力与维持注意相关显著,而与选择注意相关不显著.     

延迟干扰对空间工作记忆信息再认的影响

通过延迟匹配的实验方式,要求被试完成空间工作记忆任务和延迟干扰任务,主要对空间工作记忆再认阶段的行为和ERP数据进行分析.实验发现：延迟干扰任务对空间工作记忆的再认速度产生影响,正探测条件下,位置不同条件显著快于位置相同条件,而负探测条件则正好相反.正探测条件在枕区诱发的P1和N1的波幅大于负探测条件.此外,还发现不同实验条件下,P300的潜伏期存在差异,正探测条件下,位置相同条件的P300潜伏期显著长于位置不同条件;而在负探测条件下,位置相同条件的P300潜伏期显著短于位置不同条件.实验结果说明延迟干扰任务对空间工作记忆再认的影响主要出现在刺激评估和反应决策阶段.     

数字化监控任务界面中信息特征的视觉搜索实验

针对信息特征的视觉搜索过程,从凝视-扫视的浏览路径分析操作员搜索信息的注意资源分配,展开眼动跟踪实验.实验结果表明,搜索路径受任务驱动影响,在不同任务下反应时与眼动数据均有显著性差异;不同监控区域的信息分布注意捕获亦有显著性差异.凝视/扫视比表明,实验材料中监控任务布局的信息搜索较低;信息方位与信息特征容易被捕获.由此得到了认知信息处理与任务的关系、信息搜索与监控区域的关系以及信息特征的集簇关系.该结论能够有效指导监控任务界面的改良设计,从而提高操作员任务执行的认知绩效.     

视觉搜索与视觉工作记忆的交互关系

视觉搜索与视觉工作记忆分别是注意理论与工作记忆模型中的研究焦点,它们之间的交互关系也是当前认知心理学中一个颇具争论性的问题：有的研究者认为视觉工作记忆影响视觉搜索,也有研究者认为两者之间存在着相互作用,还有的认为它们之间没有明显的交互影响。但总的来说,视觉搜索与视觉工作记忆存在着明显的交互作用,因为他们共享一个资源有限的视觉系统。     

前额叶Gamma频段tACS对工作记忆影响的研究

基于行为学与脑电(Electroencephalogram EEG) 特征评估40Hz经颅交流电刺激（transcranial alternating current stimulation, tACS）对工作记忆的影响，进一步探究40Hz经颅交流电刺激对脑电与认知功能的调节作用。选取34名被试，并在伪刺激或真刺激后参与工作记忆任务，同时采集被试的行为学数据与脑电数据，最终通过MATLAB与SPSS-26.0进行数据分析，得出40Hz经颅交流电刺激对脑电、行为学数据指标的影响。通过数据分析发现事件相关电位中P3a成分与P3b成分的幅值在不同刺激、不同任务量下表现出显著性，且被试在真刺激后顶叶区的theta-gamma相位幅值耦合显著提升。因此可以得出40Hz经颅交流电刺激使得事件相关电位(Event-related potential, ERP)相关成分幅值有显著变化，且能显著提升被试脑内的相位幅值耦合程度，从而提升了专注度，进而显著提升工作记忆的能力，使得相关行为学数据显著提高。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.