南海夏季风爆发与华南前汛期锋面降水气候平均的联系

利用1958-2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析日平均资料、中国气象局气候中心常规地面观测日降水资料,从气候平均角度诊断分析了南海夏季风爆发和撤退前后大气结构特征及其与南亚季风的差异,探讨华南前汛期锋面降水对南海夏季风爆发的可能影响。结果表明:①季节转换期间南海地区大气热力结构、动力结构的配置具有与孟加拉湾和南亚地区明显不同的特征,大气低层(850 hPa以下)温度梯度的逆转(由负变正)发生在西南季风爆发之后。②850hPa西风建立在南海大气低层(850 hPa以下)经向温度梯度为弱负值的时候,是受热成风约束的结果。③季节转换期间南海地区大气热力结构、动力结构的配置具有独特性,是由于东亚地区独特的地理位置,受来源于中纬度冷空气影响的缘故。④随着华南降水强度加强,对流释放潜热加热了中高层大气,有利于南海经向温度梯度的逆转,从而在热成风关系约束下使高层南亚高压的北移,因此华南前汛期第一阶段锋面降水是南海夏季风爆发的有利因素。     

南海夏季风爆发与华南前汛期锋面降水异常变化的联系

利用1958-2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析日平均资料、中国气象局气候中心常规地面观测日降水资料,分析南海夏季风爆发异常情况下大气结构的变化特征,讨论华南冷空气活动、前汛期锋面降水情况与南海夏季风爆发异常之间的关系。结果表明:①南海夏季风爆发日期的异常变化主要取决于低层纬向风变化。②200 hPa以下对流层温度经向梯度逆转较早(晚),并且有(无)从上往下逐渐传播的变化趋势,则南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚)。③华南春季冷空气活跃(不活跃),降水偏多(偏少),南海季风爆发偏早(晚)。④综合提出了一个关于华南冷空气活动、锋面降水与夏季风爆发之间关系的物理概念模型。     

南海夏季风强弱年东亚地表热力异常特征的合成研究

 利用NCAR/NCEP1948年1月-2002年12月共55 a 660个月的地表感热通量和地表潜热通量以及其它气象场的月平均再分析资料,计算了期间5-6月平均的南海夏季风湿位涡强度指数。由标准化的湿位涡强度指数距平的年际变化曲线,选择距平值大于0.5的年份为季风爆发的强年,距平值小于-0.5的年份为季风爆发的弱年,对强、弱年东亚及其周边地区的地表潜热通量（LHF）距平、地表感热通量（SHF）距平以及海平面气压（SLP）距平的分布特征进行了合成分析。结果表明,在南海夏季风爆发强年和弱年,其前期冬春季的地表潜热通量、感热通量以及海平面气压场的距平分布有很大不同,前冬的差别更为明显。冬季,LHF和SHF在强、弱年的主要差异在海洋上和近海地区,尤其是西太平洋沿岸,合成距平呈现沿海岸线的东北-西南向的带状分布,强年沿岸为正距平,弱年为负距平。LHF和SHF标准化距平叠加之和有同样的区域分布特征。这种强、弱年的距平分布差异,与低层风场在强、弱年的不同有密切关系,强年东亚冬季风偏强,弱年则反之。强、弱年SLP在前冬的距平差异,验证了上述结论。     

南海夏季风爆发迟早的影响因子分析

本通过统计分析、合成分析和相关分析，探讨了影响南海夏季风爆发迟早的因子。研究发现，这些因子包括海温的变化，热带地区对流的活动以及大气环流的形势等，它们在南海夏季风爆发早晚年间存在着很大的差异。     

南海夏季风爆发迟早年对流层温度场演变特征及其热力成因

分析了１９９３与１９９４年南海夏季风爆发前后华南上空温度场演变特征及其热力过程,结果表明：南海夏季风的爆发与华南及邻近地区对流层的季节性增温从而使得华南与赤道地区对流层的南北温差逆转的现象有密切联系;暖平流作用是导致南海季风爆发前华南地区上空对流层增温的一个重要因子,在此期间由上升运动引起的绝热冷却过程总是抑制对流层的增温;非绝热加热因子对温度局地变化的贡献依赖于华南地区降水的多寡。由于１９９４年     

南海西南季风爆发的预测研究

利用多个气候场的主分量因子通过相关分析筛选 ,而后进行逐步回归预报。求得南海西南季风爆发的日期与高度场、海温场等因子场的主分量之间的联系。结果表明 ,南海夏季风爆发日期 (196 7- 1997)与上述主分量因子之间有较密切的关系 ,由 9个主分量因子组成的预报方程 ,通过α =0 0 1显著性检验 ,其方程复相关系数为 0 9392。其平均拟合误差为 2 896 ,试报 1998年南海北部和南部西南季风爆发的日期为第 135 6 9d (5月 16日 )和第 138 5 3d (5月 19日 ) ,与SCSMEX的观测结论 1998年南海北部夏季风爆发 (5月 17日 )的日期仅差 1d ,南海中南部夏季风爆发 (5月 2 5日 )的日期相差 6d。由此可见 ,利用相关和回归方法用因子场的主分量作为因子预报南海北部夏季风爆发的效果比较好 ,南部则相对较差。另外 ,研究发现南海北部夏季风爆发主要与海温场的影响有关 ,高度场对南海南部夏季风爆发影响较大 ,且厄尔尼诺与南海南部西南季风爆发偏晚有关 ,但与南海北部西南季风爆发关系不大。可以说 ,这一方法是对南海夏季风爆发预报的一种新的尝试。     

南亚夏季风爆发前后高度场温湿场的演变特征

利用诊断分析方法，研究南亚夏季风爆发前后高度场、温湿场的演变特征。结果发现夏季风的爆发与南亚高压、马斯克林高压、南美洲大陆上的高压以及巴哈马群岛附近海域上的高压密切相关。季风爆发前后，印度次大陆上高度场在垂直方向发生了反相变化，低层减弱，高层加强，这使得垂直对流发展加强。南亚夏季风爆发前后在印度次大陆及其西岸各层上湿度均急剧增大。表明随着南亚夏季风的爆发，全球温度场、高度场、湿度场都发生了重大调整，南亚夏季风的爆发是全球环流形势调整的一环。     

黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化与厄尔尼诺的关系

利用黄、东海沿岸8个长期水文观测站多年海表温度资料,分析黄、东海沿岸海表温度的季节和年际变化特征,重点分析在1982—1983年和1997—1998年两次厄尔尼诺年期间的异常变化,以及ENSO影响黄、东海沿岸海表温度的可能机制。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺发生年,夏季风较弱,鄂霍次克海高压加强,西太平洋副高位置偏南,强度偏强,江淮流域及长江中下游降水偏多,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低。黄、东海沿岸海表温度受到ENSO和PDO(太平洋年代际振荡)的影响和调制,在厄尔尼诺发生的前冬半年及当年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低;在厄尔尼诺发生次年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。厄尔尼诺对黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化的影响通过海洋和大气2个通道,1982—1983年海表温度异常以负异常为主,1997—1998年海表温度异常以正异常为主;ENSO期间,北赤道流减弱,黑潮流量减少,海表温度降低。海表温度受局地气温影响显著,如果ENSO期间东亚气温升高,则黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。     

西南印度洋海温异常影响亚洲夏季风爆发的数值试验

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的9层大气环流模式(IAP9—AGCMⅡ)作了西南印度洋海温月异常对亚洲夏季风爆发影响的数值试验。试验结果表明，当该海域1—3月份的海温出现异常增暖时，印度夏季风和东亚夏季风的爆发均较平常晚，反之，二者的建立均较平常早；该海域1—3月份的海温异常对亚洲季风区的降水也有明显的影响。     

Relationship between El Ni(n)o and sea surface temperature variation in coastal region of Yellow Sea and East China Sea

利用黄、东海沿岸8个长期水文观测站多年海表温度资料,分析黄、东海沿岸海表温度的季节和年际变化特征,重点分析在1982-1983年和1997-1998年两次厄尔尼诺年期间的异常变化,以及ENSO影响黄、东海沿岸海表温度的可能机制.结果表明,在厄尔尼诺发生年,夏季风较弱,鄂霍次克海高压加强,西太平洋副高位置偏南,强度偏强,江淮流域及长江中下游降水偏多,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低.黄、东海沿岸海表温度受到ENSO和PDO(太平洋年代际振荡)的影响和调制,在厄尔尼诺发生的前冬半年及当年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低;在厄尔尼诺发生次年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高.厄尔尼诺对黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化的影响通过海洋和大气2个通道,1982-1983年海表温度异常以负异常为主,1997-1998年海表温度异常以正异常为主;ENSO期间,北赤道流减弱,黑潮流量减少,海表温度降低.海表温度受局地气温影响显著,如果ENSO期间东亚气温升高,则黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高.     

冬春海温异常对东亚初夏季风环流的影响

用ＯＳＵ的两层大气环流模式进行了热带西太平洋冬春海温异常对东亚初夏（５月）季风环流影响的数值试验．结果表明：①海温的负距平引起西太平洋副热带高压脊南落和西伸，东亚热带季风环流减弱，我国西南和华南地区的降水增加；②海温的正距平引起西太平洋副热带高压明显减弱，西太平洋的赤道西风加强，我国西南和华南地区的降水减少     

Heat exchange at air-sea interface in the South China Sea during monsoon periods in 1986

Air-sea interaction is achieved by air-sea interface flux exchange. Therefore, general attention has been paid to connective researches of the air-sea interface flux exchange and the burst of the summer monsoon in the South China Sea. Some preliminary res…     

Simulation of the western North Pacific summer monsoon by regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model:impacts of oceanic components

A successful simulation of the western North Pacific summer monsoon needs a regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model(ROAM). How the performance of ROAM relies on the oceanic component model remains unknown. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of different oceanic components on the simulation of western North Pacific(WNP) summer monsoon in a ROAM. Three cases of simulations were performed, viz. the summer of 1998(El Nin o decaying phase), 2004(El Nin o developing phase), and 1993(the non-ENSO phase). Results show that the coupled simulations for different ENSO phases exhibit improvements in the simulation of location of Meiyu rainband and spatial distribution of monsoon low-level flow over WNP, whereas the systemic cold biases of sea surface air temperature are further increased. The coupled simulations with different oceanic components show similar performance, which is not ENSO phase dependent. For the case of the summer of 1998, a slightly stronger western Pacific subtropical high and colder sea surface air temperature are found in the simulation with colder sea surface temperature(SST) biases. The colder SST biases are partly contributed by the ocean dynamics processes because the sea surface net flux favors a warmer SST. This study suggests that the dependence of performance of ROAM over WNP on oceanic models is much weaker than that on atmospheric models.     

1998年南海夏季风爆发过程数值模拟

用中尺度模式MM5(V3)对1998年南海（SCS）夏季风爆前后低纬环流的演变过程进行了数值模拟，共做了2个数值试验，分别是固定海温试验和日平均海温试验。结果表明，在两种海温强迫下，模式系统都能模拟出南海季风爆发前后区域环流的演变特征，并且进一步证实5月21日是1998年南海季风爆发日。日平均海温强迫模拟的降水中心位置和实况更接近，而两种海温强迫对环流和降水影响的差别主要表现在对中尺度特征的影响方面。     

Anomalous activity of East Asian winter monsoon and the tropical Pacific SSTA

The relationship between the anomalous East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) activity and the tropical Pacific SST anomalies has been identified using the results of 40-year integration of the IAP CGCM1 model and 10-year observational data. In the strong EAWM year, the western and central Pacific are dominated by positive SST anomalies while the eastern Pacific is negative ones. In the weak EAWM year, the SSTA pattern is quite different and shows El Nino-like SST anomalies. The strong EAWM activity tends to create extra easterly flow to the east and extra westerly flow to the west of the warm SSTA region over the equatorial western and central Pacific, thus leading to the enhancement of convergence and convection of the flow in this region and favorable to the maintenance and development of such an SSTA pattern. On the other hand, the warm SST anomaly over the western and central Pacific, as a forcing, may lead to a specific pattern of the northern extratropical atmosphere, which is favorable to the strong EAWM activity. The tropical Pacific SSTA pattern related closely to the strong EAWM activity differs significantly from that of the La Nina year.     

Late quaternary upper-water column structure in upwelling areas of the South China Sea

Based on a quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in two gravity cores (17928 and 17954), the history of the upper-water structure of the eastern and west ern slopes of the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 220 Ka was reconstructed using the transfer function technique. Our results show that lower sea surface temperature (SST) and shallower depth of thermocline (DOT) exist at Core 17928, off Luzon, in the glacial periods; on the contrary, the same situation turned up in the interglacial at Core 17954, off Vietnam. These changes of the upper-water column structure in the two areas are induced by coastal upwelling, which in turn is driven by monsoons, namely, winter monsoon leads to upwelling at the eastern slope, and summer monsoon gives birth to upwelling on the western slope. Moreover, the intensity of upwellings is also closely related to the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Therefore, we assume that the changes of the upwelling in the two sites indicate strengthenning of winter and summer monsoon during the glacial and inter glacial periods, respectively.     

Sea surface temperature records of core ZY2 from the central mud area in the South Yellow Sea during last 6200 years and related effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current

Sea surface temperature (SST) records in the South Yellow Sea during the last 6200 years are reconstructed by the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones (K 37 U ’) in sediment core ZY2 from the central mud area.The SST records varied between 14.1 and 16.5°C (15.6°C on average),with 3 phases:(1) A high SST phase at 6.2-5.9 cal ka BP;(2) A low and intensely fluctuating SST phase at 5.9-2.3 cal ka BP;and (3) A high and stable SST phase since 2.3 cal ka BP.Variation of the SST records is similar to intensity of the Kuroshio Current (KC),and corresponds well in time to global cold climate events.However,the amplitude of the SST response to cooling events was significantly different in different phases.The SST response to global cooling event was weak while the KC was strong;and the SST response was strong while the KC was weak.The difference in amplitude of the SST response is possibly caused by the modulation effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current which acts as a shelf branch of the KC and a compensating current induced by the East Asia winter monsoon.The warm waters brought by the Yellow Sea Warm Current cushion the SST decrease induced by climate cooling,and both the Kuroshio and East Asian winter monsoon play important roles in the modulation mechanism.The SST records display a periodicity of 1482 years.The same period was found in the KC records,indicating that variation of the SST records in the central South Yellow Sea is strongly affected by KC intensity.The same period was also found in Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic and Arabian Sea sediment cores,showing a regional response of marine environmental variability in the East China Seas to that in the global oceans.     

吕宋海峡及其周边海域海表温度的季节变化特征

利用海表温度的遥感资料,分析了吕宋海峡及其周边海域海表温度的季节变化及其区域特征,并初步分析了其主要特征的形成原因.研究结果表明:冬季海表温度除受太阳辐射、东北季风的影响外,还受该区域海流、海陆分布的影响,因此温度场呈现出多个水舌结构;夏季海表温度空间分布较均匀,冬季的水舌结构基本消失;同时在台湾梅峡西岸以及吕宋岛东、西两侧海域分别出现上升流导致的低温区和大于30.0 C的高温区,后者主要受海面辐射、海流等的影响.绝大部分研究海域内的海表温度极大值出现在7月,但在吕宋岛以西海区、台湾海峡中北部海区海表温度极大值分别出现在5月和8月;相对而言,海表温度的极小值主要出现在1月,研究区域东北部124°～126°E海域推迟到2月.     

Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon, sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific

Based on geographic division over the western North Pacific (WNP), the interdecadal relationships between summer monsoon, sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical cyclones activity (including number, track and intensity) are examined. In the past several decades, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and tropical westerlies contribute to the interdecadal variation of TC number in the northwest and southeast of WNP respectively. The increased TC occurrence density to the east of Philippines related to TC track appears during the 1990s, in terms of both steer flow induced by WPSH and genesis location. From the interdecadal viewpoint, the tendency of TC intensity, measured by averaged accumulated cyclone energy, does well agree with that of SST, implying that SST plays an important role in TC intensity. Supported by Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest (Grant No. GYHY200806009) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB421505)     

青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季风影响的初步数值模拟研究

利用一个耦合了简化的简单生物圈模式的大气环流谱模式（ＳＳｉＢ－ＧＣＭ），初步探讨了青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季风环流和降水的影响及其机理。结果表明，高原地区冬季积雪增加将使随后的夏季东、南亚季风明显减弱，主要表现为东、南亚季风区降水减少，索马里急流、印度季风槽和印度西南气流减弱。另外，还提出欧亚大陆雪盖与整个高原雪盖和高原东部雪盖对东、南亚夏季风影响的敏感性问题。与欧亚大陆雪盖相比，高原雪盖是影响东、南亚季风的更敏感区，冬季高原以外雪盖增加，有可能使亚洲季风增强；当高原东部雪盖增加时，高原以东地区及印支半岛降水减少，印度东部、南部和孟加拉湾西北部降水反而增加