定点突变提高豆豉纤溶酶的酶活力和底物特异性的研究

以pBE—DFE质粒为模板,采用反向长距离PCR技术对豆豉纤溶酶(Douchi Fibrinolytic Enzyme,DFE)基因进行定点突变,使位于酶的底物结合区第156位的谷氨酸和第166位的甘氨酸分别替换为丝氨酸和丙氨酸,使临近酶的底物结合区的第169位甘氨酸残基替换为丙氨酸,获得了三个突变体E156S,G166A和G169A.将含突变基因的表达载体转化枯草杆菌WB800,构建了豆豉纤溶酶基因突变体的表达菌株WB800(E156S);WB800(G166A)和WB800(G166A).将3种表达菌株进行液体发酵培养,结果发现发酵上清液中纤溶酶的纤溶活性为460,790和900U/mL,分别是未突变酶活性(660U/mL)的70%,115%和136%;3种突变酶对合成底物的H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA的酰胺水解活性是未突变酶的17%,125%和121%.     

耐热β-半乳糖苷酶(Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638)活性位点N415S点突变对其酶活性的影响

β-半乳糖苷酶具有将乳糖分解为半乳糖和葡萄糖的能力,也具有把半乳糖聚合成低聚半乳糖的能力。这两种能力在工业生产中具有不同的意义。通过点突变使β-galactosidase[Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638]415位天冬酰胺(Asn or N)突变为丝氨酸(Ser or S),突变体构建于毕赤酵母表达质粒载体,并筛选以毕赤酵母为宿主细胞的工程菌种,以此制备β-半乳糖苷酶的突变体酶蛋白。研究发现,该突变体的β-半乳糖苷酶活性在95℃、p H5.5时达到最高酶活,为耐高温乳糖酶,且该突变体水解牛奶的能力较好,可用于低乳糖牛奶及其相关制品加工中。而突变后β-半乳糖苷酶的另一个活性,即产生低聚半乳糖的能力的活性也有所提高,但不够明显。因此该位点突变可用于乳制品的加工,但不能期盼产生更多的半乳糖寡聚体。     

采用易错PCR对粘质沙雷氏菌几丁质酶C进行定向进化

以重组E.coliBL21(DE3)pLysS/pET22b-Chi C为亲本,采用易错聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,对粘质沙雷氏菌几丁质酶C基因(Chi C)进行定向进化研究.经过两轮易错PCR后,建立突变体文库,进行平板初筛、包涵体复性及酶活检测复筛,获得一酶活较高的突变酶(Mut-Chi C),其催化活性为亲本重组酶的1.9倍,比活力为出发菌酶活的3.3倍.对突变酶的酶学性质进行初步研究,其最适pH值为5.0,最适温度为60℃,而出发菌该酶的最适温度为40℃.进化酶基因经DNA测序并通过软件与亲本型酶基因进行分析比对,表明突变酶Mut-Chi C基因发生点突变,使4处氨基酸被取代,且均为有义突变.     

小麦蜡质突变体Wx蛋白突变基因的分子鉴定

蜡质型小麦面粉对于改善面食品的加工品质、适口性、风味特点和延长货架寿命具有重要意义.淀粉粒结合型淀粉合酶I被称为蜡质蛋白(Waxy Protein,简称为Wx蛋白),是决定胚乳中直链/支链淀粉比例的关键酶.Wx基因发生突变并不影响产量等其它性状的表现.小麦三个Wx基因位点中Wx-D1的天然突变型遗传资源非常稀有.本实验对EMS诱导扬麦158的6个蜡质型突变体及其子代系进行了基于PCR的遗传多态性分析、单粒种子Wx蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定、PCR产物的克隆分析.利用自行设计的引物为5个突变体子代找到了STS标记;查明了两个突变体突变位点及其突变方式,是新的突变方式.     

Rac1突变重组体的构建及对JAK/STAT信号通路的影响

通过构建Rac1突变体，研究Rac1激活对肾小球系膜细胞(MES)JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响.以Rac1目的基因为模板，在引物中设计突变，扩增突变体Rac1(G12V)的目的基因，与PiggyBac(PB-FLAG)载体质粒连接，构建突变重组体PB-Rac1(G12V),并运用脂质体核酸试剂转染系膜细胞.比较正常组、Rac1(G12V)突变组中系膜细胞的ROS含量及NADPH氧化酶活性；Elisa法检测细胞因子TGF-β表达水平；Western blot法检测系膜细胞中JAK2/STAT3信号及FN蛋白的表达.结果表明，成功构建了Rac1(G12V)持续磷酸化突变体并在MES细胞中表达，与正常组相比，Rac1(G12V)激活突变MES细胞NADPH氧化酶的活性和ROS含量明显增加；JAK2/STAT3信号通路激活，TGF-β和FN表达明显增加.Rac1能激活系膜细胞氧化应激和JAK2/STAT3信号通路，并促进TGF-β及FN的表达.     

嗜热侧孢霉2441纤维素酶产酶条件优化及突变株选育

为了提高嗜热侧孢霉2441纤维素酶的产量,对产酶条件进行了优化,测定了酶的特性,对选育抗葡萄糖效应突变株和中温型突变株进行了探索.实验中酶活力测定以微晶纤维素、CMC-Na和水杨苷为底物,DNS法测定还原糖;产酶条件优化采用正交试验设计,以微晶纤维素酶活为指标;通过NTG诱变和UV诱变选育抗葡萄糖效应突变株和中温型突变株.结果表明:产酶条件优化后,嗜热侧孢霉2441的纤维素酶活极显著提高(P0.01);2441的微晶纤维素酶、CMC-Na酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适作用温度分别为60℃、65℃、70℃,最适作用pH值均为5.5,温度高于70℃及碱性条件下,酶活力显著下降;选育的抗葡萄糖效应突变株N20-01,微晶纤维素酶活提高13.203%,CMC-Na酶活提高47.176%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活提高119.517%;选育的中温型突变株U40-03,在32℃培养时与2441在45℃培养时相比,微晶纤维素酶活提高11.411%,CMC-Na酶活提高29.484%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活提高54.759%.     

谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)海藻糖合成酶的定点突变及其酶学性质研究

以已知晶体结构的Pseudomonas mesoacidophila MX-45菌株海藻酮糖合成酶（MutB）的晶体结构为模板,在SWISS-MODEL模建立谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）海藻糖合成酶的立体结构,并对初始结构作能量优化,通过氨基酸序列比对,选择TreS-glu保守区内的氨基酸R245、D247、E289、F244和保守区外的氨基酸A288进行定点突变,并对突变酶F244C、F244L、F244W、F244Y、A288G、R245X、E289X、D247N、D247E进行纯化和酶学性质研究,比较突变子对酶活性和热稳定性的影响。结果表明,R245、E289突变为其它的19个氨基酸后酶活力全部丧失,D247E和D247N也丧失酶活,F244C、F244L、F244W、F244Y和A288G的比活力分别降低到TreS-glu的38%、24%、62%、64%和35%,A288突变成T288后没有酶活。与TreS-glu相比,F244C、F244W、A288G的Km值基本不变,F244L、F244Y对底物麦芽糖的亲和力降低,F244Y的最适反应温度和TreS-glu相同,均为27℃,而F244C、F244L、F244W和A288G的最适温度提高到32℃。与TreS-glu相比,突变酶的最适反应pH值均有所下降,其中F244C、F244Y和A288G的为7.5,比TreS-glu的8.0均下降了约0.5个单位,而F244L和F244W的为6.5,比TreS-glu的8.0均下降了近1.5个单位。与TreS-glu相比,突变酶的热稳定性均有不同程度提高,其中F244Y、F244W和A288G的Tm值比TreS-glu的提高约1℃,F244L提高约2℃,F244C提高了近4℃。     

环糊精水解酶cds1-3底物通道氨基酸的定点突变研究

本研究对具有大分子水解能力的环糊精水解酶cds1-3的蛋白结构进行分析,选取底物通道相关氨基酸进行定点突变。通过比较突变酶和野生酶的功能差异,定位决定cds1-3特殊功能的氨基酸。采用sybyl 1.2进行蛋白质底物结合分析,选取和多聚体形成、底物结合以及底物通道相关的氨基酸Glu66、Pro48、Phe289为突变位点,反向PCR构建pSE380/E66G、pSE380/P48H、pSE380/F289A表达质粒并进行表达,获得酶活突变体并与原始酶进行底物特异性比较分析。其结果显示,突变酶E66G降解大分子底物木薯淀粉和支链淀粉的相对酶活力分别提高26.96%和23.15%,而对小分子底物普鲁兰糖的水解能力下降13.14%。因此,cds1-3是一个能水解大分子底物的特殊环糊精水解酶,氨基酸Glu66是cds1-3水解大分子支链淀粉的关键氨基酸之一。     

重组纤溶酶原激活剂及其突变体的表达研究

利用PCR技术 ,获得了人体组织型纤溶酶原激活剂tPAcDNA的缺失突变体———rPA ;在此基础上 ,运用定点突变技术 ,得到rPA的定点突变体———rPA(KHRR2 96～ 2 99AAAA) ,rPA(A473S)和二者的复合突变体rPA(KHRR2 96～2 99AAAA A473S) ;将rPA及其 3个突变体分别亚克隆至原核表达载体pET 2 8a( )中 ,获得表达载体pErA ,pErA(K) ,pErA(A)和pErA(KA) .酶切鉴定和序列分析结果均表明实现了实验设计的氨基酸突变 .表达载体转化大肠杆菌 ,经IPTG诱导、菌体裂解及SDS PAGE电泳分析发现 ,只缺失而无突变的pErA和突变的pErA(A)都未表达目的蛋白 ,突变体pErA(K)与pErA(KA)则获高水平表达 ;蛋白产量分别占菌体总蛋白的 35 .97%与 37.71% ,分子量均为 39.6kD .Westernblotting显示 ,表达产物与抗tPA抗体呈特异性阳性反应 .该产物经初步纯化后进行复性与活性 (mFAPA)测定 ,结果表明其复性产物具有明显的体外纤溶活性 .以上结果为rPA突变体的进一步纯化、体内活性研究以及规模化制备提供了基础     

大肠杆菌氨基转移酶的非天然氨基酸底物特异性研究

氨基转移酶催化L-氨基酸和α-酮酸之间的氨基转移.TLC(薄层层析)和甲臜颜色反应检测大肠杆菌4种氨基转移酶(TyrAT、IlvAT、AspAT和AvtAT)催化6种非天然氨基酸的转氨活性,发现AvtAT和AspAT无非天然氨基酸转氨活性. TyrAT能催化DL-高苯丙氨酸、L-正亮氨酸和L-正缬氨酸的转氨反应,而IlvAT则催化DL-高苯丙氨酸、L-正缬氨酸、L-正亮氨酸、L-叔亮氨酸和L-新戊基甘氨酸的氨基转移.使用易错PCR突变和DL-高苯丙氨酸/L-正亮氨酸作氮源定向进化筛选,获得10个不同位点突变的TyrAT突变酶.酶活分析发现,这些突变酶虽酶活不同但尚未扩展TyrAT的非天然氨基酸底物特异性.10个突变酶中,每个酶蛋白210位都出现Cys替换Phe.与野生型酶比较,TyrAT的F210C突变明显改变酶的催化最适温度并且提高酶在37℃的催化效率.     

Purification and cloning of amyloid precursor protein beta-secretase from human brain

Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, which is thought to be causal for the pathology and subsequent cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage by beta-secretase at the amino terminus of the Abeta peptide sequence, between residues 671 and 672 of APP, leads to the generation and extracellular release of beta-cleaved soluble APP, and a corresponding cell-associated carboxy-terminal fragment. Cleavage of the C-terminal fragment by gamma-secretase(s) leads to the formation of Abeta. The pathogenic mutation K670M671-->N670L671 at the beta-secretase cleavage site in APP, which was discovered in a Swedish family with familial Alzheimer's disease, leads to increased beta-secretase cleavage of the mutant substrate. Here we describe a membrane-bound enzyme activity that cleaves full-length APP at the beta-secretase cleavage site, and find it to be the predominant beta-cleavage activity in human brain. We have purified this enzyme activity to homogeneity from human brain using a new substrate analogue inhibitor of the enzyme activity, and show that the purified enzyme has all the properties predicted for beta-secretase. Cloning and expression of the enzyme reveals that human brain beta-secretase is a new membrane-bound aspartic proteinase.     

Structural basis for recognition and repair of the endogenous mutagen 8-oxoguanine in DNA

Spontaneous oxidation of guanine residues in DNA generates 8-oxoguanine (oxoG). By mispairing with adenine during replication, oxoG gives rise to a G x C --> T x A transversion, a frequent somatic mutation in human cancers. The dedicated repair pathway for oxoG centres on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1), an enzyme that recognizes oxoG x C base pairs, catalysing expulsion of the oxoG and cleavage of the DNA backbone. Here we report the X-ray structure of the catalytic core of hOGG1 bound to oxoG x C-containing DNA at 2.1 A resolution. The structure reveals the mechanistic basis for the recognition and catalytic excision of DNA damage by hOGG1 and by other members of the enzyme superfamily to which it belongs. The structure also provides a rationale for the biochemical effects of inactivating mutations and polymorphisms in hOGG1. One known mutation, R154H, converts hOGG1 to a promutator by relaxing the specificity of the enzyme for the base opposite oxoG.     

Detection of single base substitutions in total genomic DNA

Certain single base substitutions causing genetic diseases or resulting in polymorphisms linked to mutant alleles, alter a restriction enzyme cleavage site and can therefore be detected in total genomic DNA using DNA blots. Many base substitutions do not lead to an altered restriction site, but these can be detected using synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes if the DNA sequence surrounding the base substitution is known. In the case of beta-thalassaemia, where 22 different single base mutations have been identified, a large number of probes would be required for diagnosis. An approach which was used to detect mutations in viral DNA involves the S1 nuclease treatment of heteroduplexes formed between wild-type and mutant DNA. Although certain single base mismatches are cleaved by S1 nuclease (ref. 11 and T. Shenk, personal communication), many other mismatches examined by this procedure are not cleaved (B. Seed, personal communication; R.M.M., unpublished data). Heteroduplexes between mutant and wild-type subgenomic fragments of double-stranded reovirus RNA migrate slower than the corresponding homoduplexes in polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea, but it is not known whether this method is applicable to DNA heteroduplexes containing single base mismatches. Here we describe a procedure that involves the electrophoretic separation of DNA heteroduplexes in a well-characterized gel system. We show that four different human beta-thalassaemia alleles with known single base mutations can be detected with as little as 5 micrograms of total genomic DNA. The method should be useful in the localization and diagnosis of mutations associated with genetic diseases.     

Structure of the C2 domain of human factor VIII at 1.5 A resolution

Human factor VIII is a plasma glycoprotein that has a critical role in blood coagulation. Factor VIII circulates as a complex with von Willebrand factor. After cleavage by thrombin, factor VIIIa associates with factor IXa at the surface of activated platelets or endothelial cells. This complex activates factor X (refs 6, 7), which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of factor Va (refs 8, 9). The carboxyl-terminal C2 domain of factor VIII contains sites that are essential for its binding to von Willebrand factor and to negatively charged phospholipid surfaces. Here we report the structure of human factor VIII C2 domain at 1.5 A resolution. The structure reveals a beta-sandwich core, from which two beta-turns and a loop display a group of solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues. Behind the hydrophobic surface lies a ring of positively charged residues. This motif suggests a mechanism for membrane binding involving both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The structure explains, in part, mutations in the C2 region of factor VIII that lead to bleeding disorders in haemophilia A.     

两种贵金属萃取剂萃取性能的研究

以N ,N二苄基甘氨酸和N ,N二苯基甘氨酸为固定相 ,以不同浓度的盐酸和高氯酸为展开剂 ,研究了它们对 8种贵金属的萃取行为 .实验表明 :N ,N二苯基甘氨酸的萃取能力较N ,N二苄基甘氨酸大 ;两种萃取剂在盐酸体系中的萃取能力比在高氯酸体系中大 .     

Structure of a mutant of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with enhanced catalytic properties

One surprising outcome of applying the techniques of protein engineering to the enzyme tyrosyl-transfer RNA synthetase was that the enzyme's activity could actually be increased by a specific sequence change. In particular, altering residue threonine 51 to a proline (mutant TP51) increased the enzyme's affinity for tyrosyl adenylate complexes. The non-additive effect of combining the TP51 mutation with a second sequence alteration (histidine 48 to a glycine) suggested that the effect of the TP51 change might be mediated by a structural change involving the peptide backbone. To address the question of the mechanism by which the TP51 change increases the activity of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase we have determined the structure of the mutant enzyme. We find the change has a purely local effect on the structure of the enzyme, and conclude that the increased activity of the TP51 mutant probably results from the replacement of the polar threonine residue by a non-polar group: in the wild-type enzyme substrate binding is disfavoured by the displacement of solvent from the vicinity of threonine 51. This unfavourable effect is absent in the TP51 mutant.     

一种利用甘氨酸氧化酶生产乙醛酸的方法

为实现生物法工业化生产乙醛酸,采用基因工程技术对甘氨酸氧化酶（ThiO）进行表达优化,使用SDS-PAGE电泳手段验证ThiO的可溶性表达,通过全细胞转化法检测重组菌体生产乙醛酸的能力,并优化了反应条件,在放大体系中考察其应用性。结果表明：构建的菌株Bacillus subtilis 168（pP43NMK-ThiO）实现了ThiO的可溶性表达,全细胞转化甘氨酸生产乙醛酸的产量超越了当前生物法制备的最高产量。全细胞催化剂的最佳反应条件为温度30 ℃和pH值8.3,在35 ℃内保持高热稳定性,保温8 h后仍保持90%以上反应活性。在最佳反应条件下添加终浓度1%的过氧化氢酶使得乙醛酸产量提升,相对产率提高了30%。3 L发酵罐上的结果与摇瓶上一致,显示出全细胞法制备乙醛酸的稳定的转化能力,为其工业化奠定了基础。     

阿维拉霉素高产菌株的推理选育

为获得阿维拉霉素高产菌株,在研究菌株Streptomyces viridocbromogenes96(SV-96)葡萄糖及氨盐代谢的基础上,采用“NTG随机诱变 氨基乙酸和2-脱氧-D葡萄糖联合抗性”的试验方案进行阿维拉霉素高产菌株的推理选育,获得了氨基乙酸和2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖联合抗性高产突变株SV-GT-596.该菌株遗传性能良好,阿维拉霉素产量高达56.4mg/L,较出发菌株提高了162.3%.实验表明,氨基乙酸和2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖抗性推理选育可克服随机筛选的盲目性,提高筛选工作效率.     

分光光度法测定草甘膦生产废水中草甘膦和甘氨酸的含量

在甘氨酸存在下用紫外分光光度计法测定草甘膦含量,所测废水体系中草甘膦质量分数为1.10%,该法RSD为0.836%,线性相关系数为0.999,表观摩尔吸光系数为6.53×103L/（mol.cm）.用可见光分光光度计法测定甘氨酸含量,考察了组分、缓冲液用量、显色剂配比、甘氨酸浓度等因素对分析的影响,测得废水中甘氨酸质量分数为1.58%,标准偏差为2.13%,线性相关系数为0.998,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.32×103L/（mol.cm）,分析实验值与实际值相吻合.