Chinese semantic processing cerebral areas

This study has identified the active cerebral areas of normal Chinese that are associated with Chinese semantic processing using functional brain imaging. According to the traditional cognitive theory, semantic processing is not particularly associated with or affected by input modality. The functional brain imaging experiments were conducted to identify the common active areas of two modalities when subjects perform Chinese semantic tasks through reading and listening respectively. The result has shown that the common active areas include left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45), left posterior inferior temporal gyrus (BA37); the joint area of inferior parietal Iobules (BA40) and superior temporal gyrus, the ventral occipital areas and cerebella of both hemispheres. It gives important clue to further discerning the roles of different cerebral areas in Chinese semantic processing.     

在汉字辨认上大脑两半球的功能特点

根据汉字有来源、结构、词类的不同，全面选取能包括这些不同特点的常用单字和汉字词作辨认材料，用半视野速示法，于660名汉族、藏族、维吾尔族、外国来华留学生被试中，发现：（1）除汉族儿童（7－10岁）外，所有被试对单个汉字及双字词的辨认都是大脑两半球均势的。（2）汉族少年、成年、老年对汉字辨认的两半球均势是在11岁由儿童期在左半球优势转变来的。（3）经常使用汉语会影响大脑两半球对拼音文字辨认的功能特点，使汉族和藏族双语音对拼音文字（汉族拼音文字或英语或藏语）的辨认由左半球优势变为两半球均势。文中对上述各点进行讨论，认为使用汉语可能使大脑两半球的功能得到发展。     

Multifractal analysis of resting state fMRI series in default mode network: age and gender effects

Age-related changes of resting state in default mode network （DMN） may provide new clues to the developing mechanism of normal brain as well as early diagnosis and therapy of some neuropsychiatric disorders. The application of multifractal theory to functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） signals has recently raised increasing attention. We aim to explore the multifractal characteristics underlying the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） series extracted from DMN, and two issues are mainly discussed： （1） whether there exist multifractals in rs-fMRI series; （2） whether it is possible to distinguish between the different ages or genders by means of multifractal characteristics. Results demon- strated the existence of multifractals in rs-fMRI series in DMN. In addition, slight differences between young subjects and middle-aged or elderly subjects can be successfully detected by △asα, a modified measure we proposed. Furthermore, it is revealed that the rs-fMRI series from young subjects possess smaller averaged scale index and weaker long range correlation, while those from middle-aged or elderly people present increasing averaged scale index andstronger long range correlation. Whereas no significant statistical differences has been found between male and female group. Our results, therefore, highlight the potential useful- ness of multifractal analysis in fMRI series of a certain brain region, and provide important insights into healthy aging in DMN.     

和田维吾尔族老人5-HTTLPR基因插入/缺失多态性研究及长寿的关联分析

 本文运用聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)对新疆和田地区30例90岁以上维吾尔族长寿老人和70例当地健康、无血缘关系、生活习惯相似、随机抽样的维吾尔族对照人群进行5-HTTLPR基因分型及相应等位基因频率的比较并且探讨了5-羟色胺转运体基因连锁多态性区域(5-HTTLPR)的44bp插入/缺失序列多态性与长寿的相关性。结果表明,维吾尔族长寿老人的5-HTTLPR基因多态性的LL(528bp/528bp)基因型和L(528bp)等位基因频率分别为70%和81.7%,对照者LL基因型和L等位基因频率分别为40％和57.2％,两组之间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。由此得出,5-HTTLPR基因多态性与新疆和田地区维吾尔族老人的长寿有关联,新疆和田地区长寿相关基因组成为LL基因型和L等位基因。     

Fusion Analysis of Resting-State Networks and Its Application to Alzheimer's Disease

Functional networks are extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to explore the biomarkers for distinguishing brain disorders in disease diagnosis. Previous works have primarily focused on using a single Resting-State Network(RSN) with various techniques. Here, we apply fusion analysis of RSNs to capturing biomarkers that can combine the complementary information among the RSNs. Experiments are carried out on three groups of subjects, i.e., Cognition Normal(CN), Early Mild Cognitive Impairment(EMCI), and Alzheimer's Disease(AD) groups, which correspond to the three progressing stages of AD; each group contains18 subjects. First, we apply group Independent Component Analysis(ICA) to extracting the Default Mode Network(DMN) and Dorsal Attention Network(DAN) for each subject group. Then, by obtaining the common DMN and DAN as templates for each group, we employ the individual ICA to extract the DMN and DAN for each subject.Finally, we fuse the DMNs and DANs to explore the biomarkers. The results show that(1) the templates generated by group ICA can extract the RSN for each subject by individual ICA effectively;(2) the RSNs combined with the fusion analysis can obtain more informative biomarkers than without fusion analysis;(3) the most different regions of DMN and DAN are found between CN and EMCI and between EMCI and AD, which show differences. For the DMN, the difference in the medial prefrontal cortex between the EMCI and AD is smaller than that between CN and EMCI, whereas that in the posterior cingulate between EMCI and AD is larger. As for the DAN, the difference in the intraparietal sulcus is smaller than that between CN and EMCI;(4) extracting DMN and DAN for each subject via the back reconstruction of group ICA is invalid.     

应用DHPLC检测多巴胺D2受体基因在中国人群中的多态性

通过变性高效液相色谱 (DHPLC)和DNA测序在 4 1个中国汉族人DNA样本中检测DRD2基因编码区和拼接区的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) ,结果发现 3个SNP :Intron5的 2 77G/A、Exon7的 4 2C/T和Exon7的 1 2 9T/C .Intron5 2 77G/A是在中国汉族人群中发现的新SNP ,Exon7 4 2C/T和 1 2 9T/C在NCBIdbSNP中已有相应记录 (分别为rs4 986 92 1和rs6 2 75) ,它们均导致DRD2基因的同义突变 ,其中Exon7 1 2 9C等位基因频率在研究样本中高达 4 3.9% .这些结果为在中国汉族人群中开展DRD2基因相关的群体遗传学研究提供了遗传标记 .另外 ,还探讨了DHPLC检测突变的干扰因素及控制措施 ,为国内同行开展类似工作提供参考     

Mid-Late Quaternary loess-paleosol sequence in Lantian’s Yushan,China: An environmental magnetism approach and its paleoclimatic significance

The application of rock magnetism methods to investigating the variations of magnetic minerals in the sediments is an important approach to the reestablishment of paleoclimate evolution. Thus we performed fine magnetic measurements on the loess-paleosol sequence (from L15 upwards to S5, in which L is short for Loess, S is short for Paleosol, the same hereinafter) of Yushan stratigraphic section, which is on the southeastern margin of Chinese Loess Plateau, in Lantian County of China’s Shaanxi Province, and the thickness of which is ca. 40 m. Our study shows that the primary magnetic carriers of loess and paleosol in this section are magnetite, maghemite, hematite and goethite. Thermomagnetic analyses on the samples of representative horizons show that the higher pedogenesis degree of the sediments, the smaller variations of magnetization there will be before and after heating, probably related to the pedogenic alteration of loess sediments. Analyses of several magnetic parameters show a significant discrepancy between the paleoclimatic conditions recorded in the strata from the loess unit L15 upward to the paleosol unit S5 in the study area and those recorded in the relative strata of other sections on the Chinese Loess Plateau, and those recorded in marine sediments, indicating the great impact of regional geological background. Similarly, the rapid and intensive change recorded in the segment from L15 to S9-1, and the significant difference between the paleoclimate evolutions of the two periods before and after the change (from L15 to S9-1, and from L9 to the base of S6) indicate the strong alteration of magnetic carriers in the study area as a result of the alternations of summer and winter monsoons in East Asia.     

论思维方式对汉字构形理据的影响

汉字属表意体系文字,因形表意,而这种通过字形来体现造字意图的方式就是我们所说的汉字构形理据.汉字不仅是记录汉语的书写符号系统,而且是汉民族思维的产物和汉民族思维方式的工具,并以一个个汉字结晶体的形式展示出中国传统思维方式的特征.本文以传统思维方式为切人点,探讨其对汉字构形理据的影响.     

Polymorphisms of chemokine receptors and its ligand alleles influencing genetic susceptibity to HIV-1 infection in eight ethnic groups in Chinese mainland

Limited genetic information is available concerning the polymorphisms of HIV-1 resistant genes in indigenous Chinese populations. The aim of this study is to identify the allelic frequencies of the chemokine and chemokine receptor genes in the Chinese mainland. Genomic DNA samples extracted from whole blood of 2318 subjects were analyzed by using PCR or PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays, and further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Higher frequencies of mutant CCR2-64I (19.15%—28.79%) and SDF1-3’A (19.10%—29.86%) alleles were found in subjects of 8 ethnic groups in the Chinese mainland. In contrast, the △32 mutation in CCR5 gene occurs at a very low frequency (0.0016, n=1287) in Han population. A relatively high frequency of CCR5- wt/D32 heterozygotes was observed in Uygurian and Mongolian populations. No △32 mutation allele was detected in Tibetan and other 4 ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. There was no CCR5-m303 mutation in subjects of any ethnic group in the Chinese mainland. Our results suggest that the CCR5-△32 mutation is not a major resistant factor against HIV-1 infection and disease progression in Han, Tibetan and other ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. Whether higher frequencies of CCR2-64I and SDF1-3′A alleles constitute major genetic resistant factors or not remains to be clarified.     

5-HTR2A基因 102T/C多态性与精神分裂症的相关性研究

目的 :探讨5 -羟色胺2A受体(5 -HTR2A)基因102T/C的多态性与精神分裂症的关系。方法 :应用PCR -RFLP技术 ,在90名无亲缘关系的大理地区正常汉族人和80名精神分裂症患者中对5 -羟色胺受体基因102T/C多态性进行分析。结果 :在正常对照组和精神分裂症组之间 ,等位基因频率 ( χ2=0.01,P>0.05)和各种基因型 (P值均大于0.05)分布无显著性差异。结论 :5 -羟色胺受体基因102C/T的多态性与汉族人群精神分裂症不相关。     

中国南方汉族人群Clara细胞蛋白基因38A/G多态性和COPD易感性的关系

目的:研究C lara细胞蛋白(CC16)基因的38A/G多态性与中国南方汉族人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的相关性。方法:在广州城区和韶关农村流行病学调查人群中经严格配对选取COPD患者与非COPD受试者共332例作为研究对象,采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)方法,检测两组CC16的各种基因型和等位基因频率。结果:COPD与非COPD组CC16基因第1外显子第38位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差异无显著性(AA基因型频率:17.5%vs 17.5%;GG基因型频率:34.9%vs 42.8%;AG基因型频率:47.6%vs 39.7%;等位基因A频率:41.3%vs 37.3%;等位基因G频率:58.7%vs 62.7%)。结论:CC16基因第1外显子38A/G多态性可能与我国南方汉族人群COPD的易感性无关。     

小学生汉字错误记忆的音、形研究

采取DRM范式,要求被试分别对字音相同或相近的汉字和字形相近的汉字作是否出现过的判断。研究单个汉字的语音关联、字形关联对小学生错误记忆的影响。实验一发现,被试对关键诱饵字产生了明显的错误再认,字音相同或相近能够引发小学生对汉字的明显的错误记忆现象。实验二发现,被试对关键诱饵字也产生了明显的错误再认,字形相近能够引发小学生对汉字的明显的错误记忆现象。     

磺胺胍抗性筛选法选育L-色氨酸高产菌株及其发酵条件的优化

以谷氨酸棒杆菌FC22(Phe-+Tyr-+5MTr)为出发菌株,经过紫外线诱变,定向选育出具有磺胺胍抗性目的突变株FC523(Phe-+Tyr-+5MTr+SGr).通过正交实验对FC523的发酵培养基进行优化,并通过单因素实验对温度、pH和转速等发酵条件进行研究.在最佳条件下,该菌株摇瓶积累L-色氨酸最高可达8.6 g/L.     

《般若波罗蜜多心经》汉藏译文比较

《般若波罗蜜多心经》（Prajnaparamitahrdayasutra简称《心经》）,被认为是一切般若经的要义、精髓,在藏传佛教中占有一席之地,特别是在汉传佛教及信徒中具有重要的地位和影响。汉藏《心经》译文比较研究是一个薄弱环节,通过《心经》译文比较,对探究汉藏佛教的语言、词汇、译风,追溯汉藏间佛教界交流的历史,进一步挖掘汉藏两个民族文化交流和历史融合过程等方面具有重要意义。     

DRD3基因多态性与精神分裂症的相关性研究

目的 :研究多巴胺D3受体 (DRD3)基因的多态性与精神分裂症的关系。方法 :应用PCR -RFLP技术 ,在90名无亲缘关系的正常汉族人和80名精神分裂症患者中对DRD3基因第一外显子内Ser9Gly多态性进行分析。结果 :正常汉族人群中 ,DRD3等位基因1(Ser)和2(Gly)的频率分别为0.71和0.29。在正常对照组和精神分裂症组之间 ,等位基因频率 (X2=0.02,υ=1,P>0.05)和各种基因型 (P值均大于0.05)分布无显著性差异。结论 :DRD3基因的Ser9Gly多态性与中国汉族人群精神分裂症不相关。     

Brain structure in diving players on MR imaging studied with voxel-based morphometry

We adopted professional diving players as a typical subject pool to explore whether structural brain differences relative to motor skill acquisition exist between highly skilled athletes and non-athletes. Based on the voxel-based morphometric (VBM) technique, structural MRIs of the brains of 12 elite diving players with professional training were analyzed and compared with those of control subjects without any professional physical training. Diving players showed significantly increased gray matter density in the thalamus and left precentral gyrus than control subjects. However, future researches are needed to prove the contribution of preposition and practice. It also suggests that athletes as the subject pool could form a new subject pool to explore plastic change induced by motor skill acquisition.     

四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征的研究

以四川省资阳地区作为取样点,调查了497例(男220例,女277例)简阳市汉族高中生的7项不对称行为特征(扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型和优势眼).研究结果显示:(1)四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征出现率均R型高于L型.(2)四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征的出现率均不存在性别间差异.(3)四川资阳汉族与蒙古族等12个民族R型率比较,经u检验显示,除藏族外,与其他12个民族均有4项及以上不对称行为特性与其出现显著差异.(4)与其他7个地区汉族人群比较的u检验显示,四川资阳汉族与其他6个地区汉族均有3项以上不对称行为出现显著差异.(5)分析了四川资阳汉族7项指标间的相关性,发现扣手与利足、扣手与起步、利手与利足、利手与起步、叠腿与利足、叠腿与起步、利足与起步也存在显著的相关性,且R-R型组合(右型-右型)的出现率远高于L-L型组合(左型-左型)的出现率.     

利手与注意偏向对双耳分听汉字大脑功能优势的影响

对24名左利手和24名右利手被试在三种注意条件（刺激驱动、注意左耳和注意右耳）下进行双耳分听汉字测验,检查中国人利手与汉字听觉词汇加工大脑两半球功能优势的关系,同时考察被试的注意偏向对优势效应的影响.结果表明：（1）汉语母语左利手被试加工汉字听觉词汇的大脑功能偏侧化组织明显不同于右利手;（2）右利手被试在刺激驱动条件下的右耳（左半球）优势易受注意偏向的调节出现明显波动;（3）注意偏向对左利手被试的影响主要表现为优势的左耳（右半球）成绩的下降与非优势的右耳（左半球）成绩的提高,这暗示汉语母语左利手者可能存在汉字听觉词汇加工的潜在两半球表征.     

Species-specific calls evoke asymmetric activity in the monkey's temporal poles

It has often been proposed that the vocal calls of monkeys are precursors of human speech, in part because they provide critical information to other members of the species who rely on them for survival and social interactions. Both behavioural and lesion studies suggest that monkeys, like humans, use the auditory system of the left hemisphere preferentially to process vocalizations. To investigate the pattern of neural activity that might underlie this particular form of functional asymmetry in monkeys, we measured local cerebral metabolic activity while the animals listened passively to species-specific calls compared with a variety of other classes of sound. Within the superior temporal gyrus, significantly greater metabolic activity occurred on the left side than on the right, only in the region of the temporal pole and only in response to monkey calls. This functional asymmetry was absent when these regions were separated by forebrain commissurotomy, suggesting that the perception of vocalizations elicits concurrent interhemispheric interactions that focus the auditory processing within a specialized area of one hemisphere.