工程发动机动力储备性能的评价指标

为了合理评价工程机械用发动机（柴油机）动力储备性能，对现行评价指标——扭矩适应系数Km和转速适应系数Kn进行了分析与研究，指出Km和Kn在作为评价工程机械用发动机动力储备性能的量化指标时，特别是在比较不同发动机的动力储备性能时，只考虑了发动机扭矩外特性曲线上的两个点——最大扭矩点和额定扭矩点，忽略了这两点之间扭矩曲线形状的差异性，因而不能全面反映发动机的动力储备性能的动态过程。提出了新的动力储备性能综合评价指标——动力储备系数K，定义了其计算式，通过与Km和Kn的对比以及实际的评价结果检验，证明了其合理性和可行性，为准确全面评价发动机的动力储备性能及其选型提供了理论依据。     

米勒循环对增压直喷汽油机性能影响的仿真分析

以一台面向混合动力开发的米勒循环发动机为研究对象,建立了基于130°包角进气凸轮轴的一维流体动力学模型。采用该模型仿真分析了进气门开启时刻（IVO）、排气门关闭时刻（EVC）独立调节、联合调节下米勒循环对发动机性能的影响。结果表明：随着米勒循环加深,低负荷下,进气道废气重吸收质量增加,充量系数降低,泵气损失（PMEP）减小,比油耗（BSFC）降低;中负荷下,充量系数增大,泵气损失显著减小,50%累积放热率的曲轴转角（CA50）减小,比油耗降低;高负荷下,比油耗激增。进排气门联合调节可进一步改善发动机的性能,最佳油耗点的热效率提高了0.43%。     

洋马联合收割机发动机功率实时检测系统

发动机的动力性能是发动机技术状况的重要指标,其动力性能的好坏不仅能反映发动机当前的技术状态,而且还可以作为进一步检测的依据。通过在洋马联合收割机的发动机动力输出轴与工作装置的动力输入轴之间安装转速和扭矩传感器,采集转速和扭矩信号,进行V/F转换、放大等预处理,计算得出发动机实时功率值,并开发了一套以visualBasic6.0为软件平台的实时检测系统。     

天然气汽车的动力性能与排放性能研究

研究了天然气汽车的动力性能与排放性能，对改装的492QC天然气发动机和原发动机（燃用汽油）的扭矩、功率等进行了测量．实验结果表明：当由燃烧汽油变换为燃烧天然气时，发动机的扭矩、功率下降非常大；增大点火提前角可使发动机的动力性能得到改善，但发动机NOx，总碳氢THC，CO及CO2的排放污染明显减少．     

车用涡轮增压发动机进气谐振效应实验研究

介绍了用声学理论设计６１１０Ｚ型柴油机谐振进气系统的方法，提供了三 个实验方案；分析了谐振进气系统中进气压力波的物理现象及其对柴油机性 能的影响，对三个谐振方案进行了对比实验，确定了较佳谐振方案。实验结果 表明，采用谐振增压后，最大扭矩提高了６．９％，最大扭矩点转速降低了 １００ｒ／ｍｉｎ，适应性系数提高了１３．５％，最低油耗下降了５ｇ／（ｋＷ·ｈ），烟度和 排气温度也略有下降；基本满足了车用发动机的要求。     

基于p-ω叫的发动机调速动力学模型

为消除发动机转速振荡，提出了基于气缸压力-曲轴转速（p-ω）的发动机调速动力学模型，建立了直列四缸汽油机的气缸压力、指示扭矩、瞬时转动惯量、惯性扭矩和摩擦扭矩等模型，以曲轴转角域描述发动机任意瞬间的动力特性，并由此开发了以改进比例、积分、微分算法为控制方法的数字调速器．试验表明，该调速器具有良好的转速响应特性．     

神经网络方法在发动机特性仿真中的应用研究

根据发动机特性实验结果研究了发动机扭矩和转速与燃油耗及节气门开启角之间的关系.分析了利用BP神经网络工具箱对该网络进行设计的过程,建立了发动机扭矩和转速与燃油耗及节气门开启角关系的神经网络模型,即基于函数trainbpx和trainlm的模型.结果表明,基于函数trainbpx的模型的稳定性较好,而基于函数trainlm的模型的结构较简单,训练时间较短.     

柴油串联式混合动力控制系统试验研究

以能量管理和辅助动力单元(APU)控制为核心的动力控制系统,决定了柴油串联式混合动力客车的燃油经济性和排放性能。通过建立的一套串联式混合动力系统测试平台,以中国客车城区道路循环工况为基准,测试动力系统油耗、发动机排放和蓄电池SOC,以评价能量管理和APU控制性能。结果表明:APU采用前馈+反馈控制,能够完成定转速控制和变转速控制;同时基于模糊规则的能量管理策略在APU变转速控制,SOC为40%时,使得该混合动力系统的经济性比原型车(38 L/100 km)提高20%;采用定转速的APU控制与采用变转速的APU控制相比,油耗增加5.7%,烟度值降低42%,NOx增加4%。     

串并联混合动力变速箱挡位对整车性能的影响

针对串并联混合动力车辆变速箱选型匹配问题,采用试验设计（DOE）方法选取变速箱最优速比并分析挡位对整车性能的影响。建立了整车仿真模型和控制策略并进行了台架验证,分析了该混合动力系统3种变速箱挡位配置对车辆的加速性能、爬坡性能和整车油耗的影响。仿真结果表明,挡位的增多可以提高整车动力性,降低整车对电池放电功率及电池容量的需求,但是对整车油耗改善较小。进一步仿真结果表明,即使改善发动机低转速中高负荷区域的燃油消耗率,变速箱挡位数对整车油耗的影响也不大。     

进气门晚关与高压缩比技术在汽油机上的应用

针对混合动力汽车用发动机的特点,通过模拟和试验相结合的方法,研究了进气门晚关与高压缩比对汽油机部分负荷性能的改善作用以及由于发动机参数变化对外特性的影响.研究结果表明:部分负荷应用进气门晚关与高压缩比可在排放变化不大的前提下使发动机油耗降低4%~10%;进气门晚关控制负荷有效降低了泵气损失,配合几何压缩比的提高和点火提前角的优化,实现了较好的燃烧性能,提高了膨胀比;综合作用下使得有效热效率提高;较长进气持续期和较大几何压缩比的应用使得外特性扭矩降低2%~5%的同时,油耗平均5%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-