人原肌球蛋白结合蛋白3(TMOD3)cDNA的克隆及功能初步分析

从人的胎脑cDNA文库到中克隆到1条人原肌球蛋白结合蛋白3（TMOD3）基因,该基因cDNA序列长1402bp,可以编码352个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,与大鼠,果蝇和线虫的原肌球结合蛋白同源性分别为82％,41％和35％,TMOD3基因定位在人15q21.1-q21.2,位于遗传位标D15S146和D15S117之间,采用基因芯片杂交的方法研究其表达谱概况,发现该基因在多种,组织和细胞中均表达。     

S-adenosylmethionine--a novel regulator of aspartate kinase

Man derives 70% of his dietary requirements of protein directly from the grains of cereals and legumes. These sources are respectively deficient in lysine (and secondarily threonine) and methionine and much effort is being devoted to their improvement. All three amino acids are derived from aspartate via a common metabolic pathway (Fig. 1) in which the first reaction catalysed by aspartate kinase is a key regulatory step limiting their production. In microorganisms, regulation of aspartate kinase occurs by a variety of mechanisms, commonly involving feedback inhibition of one or more isoenzymes by Lys plus Thr, Lys alone or Thr alone. On the other hand, Met control of this step does not seem to conform to a general pattern. Met represses, but does not inhibit aspartate kinase II of Escherichia coli; in other species Met can enhance or modify the effects of Lys or Thr. Similarly, varied controls involving Lys and Thr have been reported for the enzymes from higher plants with only one report of an effect of Met. In contrast to these previous results, we suggest here that the methionine derivative (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) is an important regulator of the Lys-sensitive aspartate kinase of higher plants, and that this regulatory mechanism is highly conserved. There is thus a major synergistic interaction of the two nutritionally deficient amino acids Lys and Met to inhibit their own syntheses at the primary regulatory step in the pathway.     

Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs

Two distinct but distantly related complementary DNAs encoding proteins sharing human interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity (termed IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta), were isolated from a macrophage cDNA library. The primary translation products of the genes are 271 and 269 amino acids long, although expression in Escherichia coli of the carboxy-terminal 159 and 153 amino acids produces IL-1 biological activity.     

新的人羧肽酶A抑制物cDNA的克隆、定位和表达谱分析

从人的胎脑cDNA文库中,克隆到一条全新的人类羧肽酶A抑制物基因,此cDNA序列全长1049bp,包括翻译起始位点附近的Kozak序列,669bp 的开放读框以及3端的加尾信号,共编码222个氨基酸,它编码的蛋白与小鼠Latexin蛋白和大鼠Latexin蛋白分别有高达85％和84％的同源性,因此命名为人类LATEXIN基因,应用辐射杂交方法,将该基因伫位在人3号染色体3q24区段,位于分子标记D3S1605和D3S1553之间,采用基因芯片杂交的方法研究其在某些组织或细胞中的表达情况,发现在前列腺癌中表达量较高。     

一个犬凝集素基因VIP36的人类同源基因cDNA的克隆、染色体定位和表达谱分析

从人的胎脑cDNA文库中克隆到一条犬凝集素基因VIP36的人类同源基因,此cDNA序列全长2430bp,拟编码一个382个氨基酸残基的蛋白,它编码的蛋白与犬VIP36有52％的同源性,因此将其命名为人类VIP36L基因,应用辐射杂交方法,钭该基因定位在人2号染色体的分子标记D2S388和D2S113之间,采用基因芯片杂交的方法研究其表达谱情况,发现该基因在胎皮和肝癌组织中表达量较高。     

一个新C2H2型锌指蛋白的功能的初步研究

通过筛选人18周胎脑cDNA文库,得到一条编码332AA的全长新基因,生物信息学研究表明,该蛋白质序列有2个C2H2型锌指结构,其中1个锌指结构有RNA－binding蛋白特异锌指的特征,虽然同源比较发现与多种蛋白质精氨酸N端转甲基酶（protein arginine N-methyltransferase) 有一定的同源性,但新锌指蛋白不含转甲基酶的活性功能区域,属功能未知的基因,利用芯片研究功能未知基因的表达是一种较好的手段,通过代谢增强剂PMA（phorbol myristae acetate)刺激培养的血管内皮细胞,观察细胞受激活后新锌指蛋白基因的表达变化,结果表明新基因表达量提高了11倍以上,证实新基因属内皮细胞的极早期应答基因（Immediate early response gene,ERG)。     

吉首产白蕾磨Clitocybe candida氨基酸分析

本文报道了用邻苯二甲醛（OPA）-β-巯基乙醇衍生化、反相梯度洗脱、荧光检测分析法对吉首产白蕾蘑（ClitocybeCandidaBres）子实体的十六种氨基酸含量检测结果，其氨基酸总量为24mg／100mg（干品），必需氨基酸组分齐全，含量为8.67mg／100mg，占氨基酸总量的36．1％。该检测法分离效果好，平均回收率达95％，氨基酸保留时间的变异系数平均为1．0±0．4％，其含量变异系数平均为2．8±0．7％，在10pmol－2nmol范围内，线性关系系数平均为0．987±0．008.     

Adaptive eradication of methionine and cysteine from cyanobacterial light-harvesting proteins

Sulphur is unique among the main elements of living cells in that it is covalently bound to biopolymers but does not occur in the biopolymer backbone. Indeed, most of the bacterial sulphur content resides in the methionine and cysteine side-chains of proteins. The growth yield of an organism under conditions of sulphur limitation could therefore be greatly enhanced by mutations that substitute Met and Cys in the organism's proteins for sulphur-free amino acids. Because the saving in sulphur would increase with such accumulating mutations, Met and Cys changes could be progressively selected. Abundant proteins should be the prime targets of such a selection. A few published observations give credence to this scenario. Sulphate permease, which is abundantly produced by sulphur-starved Salmonella typhimurium, lacks Met and Cys residues. Also, two species of marine purple bacteria synthesize more protein than can be expected from a limited sulphate supply. We now report that the cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. PCC 7601 (referred to here as Calothrix) encodes sulphur-depleted versions of its most abundant proteins--phycocyanin and its auxiliary polypeptides--which it specifically expresses under conditions of sulphur limitation. Although these proteins do not take part in the fixation of sulphur, their elevated synthesis affects the sulphur budget of cyanobacterial cells. Direct evidence is thus provided that the structure of macromolecules can be subject to metabolic optimization.     

Fragile X mental retardation protein interacts with TDG

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation disease, resulting from absent of expression of its disease geneFMR1. To study the function of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) through protein/protein interaction, a mouse embryo cDNA library was screened by the yeast two-hybrid system. A clone was found to interact specifically with FMRP. The cDNA of this clone (Genbank accession number af 102875) encoded a protein highly homologous to human G/T mismatch-specific DNA thymine glycosylase (hTDG). Interactions between various alternatively spliced FMRP isoforms and a series of mTDG deletion proteins were further studied in the yeast two-hybrid system and their interaction amino acid regions were determined. Interaction between FMRP and TDG existed inside exon 13 of FMRP (amino acid residue 397–425) and around amino acid residue 122–346 of TDG. These results will be helpful to the study of the biological role of FMRP.     

鸟苷生产菌的诱变育种及摇瓶发酵条件优化

以枯草芽孢杆菌T1001为出发菌株，经硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变处理，定向选育出具腺嘌呤缺陷(Ade^-)、蛋氨酸亚砜抗性(MSO^r)、8．氮鸟嘌呤抗性(8-AG^r)等遗传标记的目的突变株TA208．通过正交试验对TA208菌株进行发酵培养基的优化，同时对发酵温度、pH和装液量等条件进行了研究。在最佳条件下，该菌株能积累鸟苷最高可达25．0g/L。     

Isolation and ectopic expression of a bamboo MADS-box gene

A cDNA named DIMADS18 was isolated from the young spikelets of the sweet bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus by RACE. DNA sequence analysis showed that DIMADS18 was composed of full ORF and 3UTR, but without 5UTR. The cDNA contained 1039 nucleotides and encoded a putative protein of 249 amino acid residues. The gene displayed the structure of a typical plant MADS box gene, which consisted of an MADS domain, K domain, a short I region, and the C-terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis of plant MADS box genes based on amino acid sequences revealed that DlMADS18 was grouped into the AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (AGL6)-like subfamily. It was most likely homologous to the OsMADS6 of rice (Oryza sativa), with 88% sequence identity for the entire amino acid sequences. The DlMADS18 also showed relatively high amino acid sequence identity (59%) to AGL6 ofArabidopsis thaliana. To study the functions of DlMADS18, DlMADS18 cDNA clone driven by the CaMV 35S promoter was transformed into Arabidopsis plants. Transgenic plants of DlMADS18 exhibited the phenotypes of curled leaves, dwarfism, and early flowering with clustered terminal flowers. These results indicated that DlMADS18 may probably be involved in controlling the flowering time of D.latiflorus.     

人cDNA序列中二类甲硫氨酸密码子的区分

在人类cDNA序列确定全长基因的过程中，必须判断第一个ATG密码子是真正的起始密码子还是框内的非起始作用的甲硫氨酸密码子，在总结了这二类密码子上下文共有序列特征，周期性，密码子的碱基偏向性，以及编码的氨基酸的疏水性等方面差异的基础上，从模式识别的角度出发，将这二类密码子视为由此构成的多维特征空间中的二个模式类，应用费歇线性判别法进行分类器的设计，并对分类器的错误率进行估计，表明在这些特征下，这二类密码子可以区分，以此分类器的判断真正的起始密码子和非起始甲硫氨酸密码子，其准确率可达75％。     

抗铜酿酒酵母铜结合蛋白的纯化及性质研究

酿酒酵母Ｃｕ＾２＋抗株ＹＮＤ２１经含一定浓度的氯化铜培养基诱导培养后,收集菌体,破碎细胞,离心后ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０和ＤＥＡＥ－ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ柱层析分离可获得三种铜结合蛋白ＤＥ－１,ＤＥ－２,ＤＥ－３。ＤＥ－１脱盐后（Ｇ－１）经鉴定具有金属硫蛋白的特性：表观分子量约为１８ｋＤ;每分子蛋白含２０个巯基,结合１１个铜原子;氨基酸组成中富含半胱氨酸（１８％）、碱性和酸性氨基酸,而酪氨酸和蛋氨酸含     

A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution

Amino acid composition of proteins varies substantially between taxa and, thus, can evolve. For example, proteins from organisms with (G + C)-rich (or (A + T)-rich) genomes contain more (or fewer) amino acids encoded by (G + C)-rich codons. However, no universal trends in ongoing changes of amino acid frequencies have been reported. We compared sets of orthologous proteins encoded by triplets of closely related genomes from 15 taxa representing all three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota), and used phylogenies to polarize amino acid substitutions. Cys, Met, His, Ser and Phe accrue in at least 14 taxa, whereas Pro, Ala, Glu and Gly are consistently lost. The same nine amino acids are currently accrued or lost in human proteins, as shown by analysis of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms. All amino acids with declining frequencies are thought to be among the first incorporated into the genetic code; conversely, all amino acids with increasing frequencies, except Ser, were probably recruited late. Thus, expansion of initially under-represented amino acids, which began over 3,400 million years ago, apparently continues to this day.     

牛ANGPTL1基因的电子克隆与序列分析

以牛的ANGPTL1基因为研究对象,利用生物信息学方法,对牛的ANGPTL1基因进行了电子克隆和序列分析,并对推导出的ANGPTL1蛋白结构与性质进行了初步分析。结果表明,牛的ANGPTL1基因序列长为2576bp,该基因的编码序列长为1476bp,编码492个氨基酸,编码序列的两翼有135bp的5’非编码区和785bp的3’非编码区。DNA序列的G＋C百分含量为44．31％,A＋T百分含量为55．69％。该基因的核苷酸序列与人、黑猩猩、鼠和狗ANGPTL1基因的cDNA序列的相似性分别为91％、90％、82％和93％。在氨基酸序列上与人、黑猩猩、鼠和狗的相似性分别为95％、95％、92％和95％。用氨基酸序列构建的进化树显示,在人、牛、黑猩猩、狗、褐鼠、原鸡几种动物中,牛与狗的亲缘关系最近。     

青岛文昌鱼核糖体蛋白Amphil11基因的克隆和同源性分析

对青岛文昌鱼18小时神经胚cDNA文库进行测序，获得了5个AmphiL11的EST，经接接得到文昌鱼核糖体蛋白AmphiL11的编码完整的cDNA序列并演绎出AmphiL11的氨基酸序列，通过对AmphiL11蛋白的结构分析及其与人、鼠、鱼等脊柱动物和果蝇、线虫等无脊动物及酵母中同种核糖体蛋白的同源性分析，发现AmphiL11与脊柱动物核糖体L11蛋白的同源性很高，与高等无脊椎动物甚至酵母的同源性也较高，提示AmphiL11具有较高的进化水平，更接近于脊椎动物的核糖体蛋白L11。同时也表明，真核生物核糖体蛋白L11具有高度的保守性。     

Presence in brain of synenkephalin, a proenkephalin-immunoreactive protein which does not contain enkephalin

The primary sequence of adrenal proenkephalin has recently been reported by three groups who have isolated and sequenced the cDNA for this prohormone. Several intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin, containing from one to four copies of [Met] enkephalin, have been purified from the adrenal medulla. Although there is evidence that the proenkephalin is identical in the brain and the adrenal medulla, similar intermediates have not been isolated from brain. We report here the production of an antiserum directed against a purified enkephalin precursor derived from the amino terminus of adrenal proenkephalin which cross-reacts with an antigen in brain. The immunoreactive protein in brain does not contain the sequence of enkephalin, but shows a pattern of distribution in immunohistochemical studies parallel to that of the enkephalins. In extracts of bovine caudate-putamen, this antigen is present in a molar concentration approximately one-fifth of that of [Met] enkephalin. The results demonstrate that the antiserum recognizes antigenic determinants within the N-terminal 72 amino acid residues of adrenal proenkephalin and that the enkephalin precursor in brain is similar to that found in the adrenal medulla. Furthermore, the absence of the enkephalin sequence in the brain protein indicates that concentrations of the larger intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin are much lower in the brain than in the adrenal medulla.     

扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶cDNA的克隆和表达

采用TRIzol试剂一步法所抽提的总RNA的D（260）／D（280）值为1.82,甲醛变性电泳呈现真核微生物所特有的28S rRNA和18S rRNA条带。根据扩展青霉所产碱性脂肪酶（Lip PE)N末端20个氨基酸残基序列和真核生物mRNA3‘端具有poly(A)等所提供的生物信息,采用RT－PCR技术和3‘－RACE法扩增了Lip PE成熟肽编码区和3‘非编码区的cDNA,直接将该PCR产物克隆至pUCm-T载体中。序列分析表明,该碱性脂肪酶含有258个氨基酸,其中保守的五肽序列为Gly-His-Ser-Leu-Gly。进一步采用Clot Tech公司的SMART^TM PCR cDNA文库构建试剂盒,扩增、克隆和测定了自转录起始点至编码区的cDNA片段,从而完成了Lip EP完整cDNA的分析测定。最后将编码完整脂肪酶蛋白的cDNA克隆至pGEX-5X-3表达载体中,在大肠杆菌BL21中进行IPTG诱导表达,SDS－PAGE检测结果表明,所表达的GST－Lip EP融合蛋白分子质量约为53ku;免疫印迹（Western Blotting)技术证明了所克隆的cDNA确为编码扩展青霉WMC20718脂肪酶的基因。     

hCuZn-SOD基因的克隆、表达及其产物的初步纯化和表征

为获得hCuZn-SOD基因,根据GenBank中人铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(hCuZn-SOD)基因碱基序列,设计扩增引物,用RT-PCR方法从人的肝细胞中克隆出hCuZn-SODcDNA序列,并将它插入pUCm-T载体中,经过DNA序列测定证实,该片段序列的一个碱基发生突变(与报道基因相比),引起其编码第116个氨基酸由G变为D.采用定向克隆的方法将hCu Zn-SOD的cDNA片段克隆到表达载体pGEX-2T上,构建表达质粒pGEX-SOD,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3).SDS-PAGE分析证实,经IPTG诱导,融合蛋白GST-SOD获得高效表达.破碎菌体、上清经谷胱甘肽亲和层析初步纯化后,得到纯度达90%的目的蛋白.活性实验表明,GST-SOD具有生物活性.