褐煤烟气预干燥发电系统的节能潜力分析——煤种和机组冷端形式的影响

为考查褐煤烟气预干燥发电系统的节能适应性,采用理论分析方法,对燃用伊敏、大雁、五间房、白音化4种褐煤的1 000MW空冷、湿冷机组的节能潜力进行定量分析,获得了不同褐煤烟气预干燥发电系统形式下发电标准煤耗率降低量的定量结论。计算结果表明:褐煤的水分含量越高,系统的节能潜力越大;在不回收乏气热能或仅回收乏气热能预热锅炉送风时,空冷机组节能潜力略大于湿冷机组;湿冷机组用冷凝水进一步回收乏气热能,其节能潜力超过空冷机组。     

预干燥燃褐煤发电系统理论研究

利用等效热降法建立了回热抽汽预干燥燃褐煤发电系统的经济性分析模型,并给出了褐煤预干燥的节煤条件.利用该模型对某600 MW机组采用回热抽汽预干燥燃褐煤发电系统的热效率影响因素进行了分析.计算结果表明:采用该系统在额定工况下节煤量为11.21 g·(kW·h)-1;烟气温度每变化10℃节煤量约变化1.5 g·(kW·h)-1;从1 kg褐煤中每多干燥出0.1 kg水节煤量增加3.3 g·(kW·h)-1;从褐煤中干燥出1 kg水分需要的蒸汽量越少,热经济性越好,并且褐煤的干燥程度越高,其对经济性的影响越明显.     

电站锅炉燃烧在变工况下最佳烟气含氧量的计算分析

本文在分析了各热经济性参数在烟气含氧量影响下变化特性的基础上,推导了以最小供电煤耗率为目标的最佳烟气含氧量偏微分方程,由此方程可以计算出电站锅炉变工况运行过程中不同负荷下的最佳烟气含氧量设定值,可以有效降低机组运行过程中电站锅炉的供电煤耗率。     

容克式空气预热器漏风率控制

容克式空预器漏风率高是难以解决的问题，在容克式空预器技术中，防止或降低漏风即密封技术占有很重要的地位。空预器的漏风会导致机组热力工况的变化，随着漏风量的增加，热风和排烟温度下降，排烟温度下降会加速冷端换热元件的低温腐蚀；漏风还影响机组的经济运行，它一方面降低机组的热效率，另一方面增加送、引风机的功率消耗，使煤耗增加。针对降低空预器漏风因素进行探讨以降低漏风率显得较为重要。     

发电机组凝汽器背压的优化计算

结合某电厂350 MW发电机组运行数据和凝汽器变工况计算,运用控制变量法分别定性与定量分析了机组负荷、循环水流量、循环水温度对凝汽器背压的影响,并进一步得到这些参数对机组热耗率、机组净功率、全厂供电煤耗率的影响规律。以机组净出力为目标函数,寻找机组运行最佳背压和最佳循环水流量,并给出机组在常用负荷(75%)运行时,循环水泵优化调整方案及优化调整前后全厂供电煤耗率的对比。经优化,循环水泵单泵运行向双泵运行切换的温度点由16℃调整至18℃;通过循环水泵运行方式调整,该台机组全厂平均供电煤耗率可节约0.25 g/(kW·h)。     

CFB锅炉中回转式空气预热器腐蚀、漏风分析计算

烟气酸露点与空预器漏风率的准确计算对于电站锅炉的设计及尾部受热面的布置都非常重要,现有文献对两者的理论计算与实测值偏差较大,造成排烟温度偏高,为了进一步提高锅炉能源利用率,要求对酸露点与空预器漏风率的确定更加精确。结合四分仓空预器在机组检修过程中存在的腐蚀、漏风问题,找出主要影响因素,对山西某电厂CFB锅炉的烟气酸露点和空预器漏风率进行了计算,计算结果在锅炉实际运行中也得到了应用,并且可来指导空预器在锅炉实际运行过程中应该控制的运行参数,保证机组安全、经济运行。     

循环流化床锅炉中回转式空气预热器腐蚀、漏风分析计算

烟气酸露点与空预器漏风率的准确计算对于电站锅炉的设计及尾部受热面的布置都非常重要;现有文献对两者的理论计算与实测值偏差较大,造成排烟温度偏高。为了进一步提高锅炉能源利用率,要求对酸露点与空预器漏风率的确定更加精确。结合四分仓空预器在机组检修过程中存在的腐蚀、漏风问题,找出主要影响因素,对山西某电厂循环流化床(CFB)锅炉的烟气酸露点和空预器漏风率进行了计算,计算结果在锅炉实际运行中也得到了应用,并且可来指导空预器在锅炉实际运行过程中应该控制的运行参数,保证机组安全、经济运行。     

基于SVR和GA的锅炉运行氧量基准值的优化确定

借助现场运行数据,根据锅炉运行氧量的特性,建立了基于支持向量回归的锅炉运行氧量预测模型,结果表明:SVR模型具有较高的回归精度和较好的泛化能力,能够有效地对不同工况下的锅炉氧量进行预测.在此基础上进行二次建模,获得了运行氧量、供电煤耗率与各运行参数之间的关系模型,并结合全局寻优的遗传算法,以机组的供电煤耗率为优化目标对输入参数进行寻优,确定了优化后的锅炉运行氧量基准值.计算结果表明该模型具有较高的准确性,通过全局寻优得到的氧量值具有可操作性,很好地解决了锅炉变工况运行参数基准值的确定问题.     

660MW机组锅炉氧量测点安装位置对正确测量的影响分析

锅炉炉膛出口氧量参数是锅炉运行中的重要参数。不仅对锅炉效率有着重要的影响,而且还将引起其他运行参数的变化,进而影响机组的供电煤耗率。大唐信阳发电有限责任公司自#3机组投产以来,空预器出口氧量一直显示偏小,机组停运期间通过对#3炉A1氧量计移位改造,解决了这一难题,由此说明氧量计安装位置对正确测量有着至关重要的影响。为了验证改造后A1氧量计的准确性,进行了氧量测点安装位置对正确测量的影响分析试验,进而为火电厂优化氧量测量提供参考。     

基于颗粒粒径分布的褐煤烟气干燥过程建模

褐煤在制粉系统干燥下降管中的温度历程决定了其脱挥发份过程,影响了系统的安全和可靠性。粒径分布不均是下降管中的褐煤干燥过程的重要特点。该文基于颗粒内部的干湿区和退缩蒸发界面假设构建褐煤干燥模型,研究了不同粒径分布下褐煤的干燥过程,并对于实际工况和影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,干燥过程开始受到小颗粒控制,随后受大颗粒控制。小颗粒的干燥过程可以分为干燥阶段、升温阶段、降温和平衡阶段。实际情况下,毫米级小颗粒在干燥管中具有可燃挥发分析出的危险,其主要影响因素是初始烟气温度与平衡温度;窄粒径分布可以减少小颗粒份额,降低可燃挥发分析出的影响。     

A novel lignite pre-drying system with low-grade heat integration for modern lignite power plants

The lignite pre-drying process plays an important role in modern lignite power plants and the fluidized bed dryer with internal heat utilization is a promising drying method which has both high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. After conducting an in-depth analysis of a typical lignite pre-drying power plant, this work proposed a novel lignite pre-drying system with low-grade heat integration. Through system integration, the low-temperature evaporation of the lignite was recovered to heat the combustion air, while the residual heat from the flue gases was used to heat the feed or condensed water, thereby saving a portion of heat from the steam bleeds of the high and intermediate pressure turbines. The results for a 1,000 MW lignite-fired power plant showed that, the proposed pre-drying system could yield an increase in net plant efficiency of approximately 3.6 % points and a reduction in the cost of electricity of $1.83/（MW h）. The thermodynamic and economic performances were each superior to those of the existing pre-drying system, convincingly demonstrating that the research of this paper may provide a promising integrated lignite pre-drying method for the next-generation of lignite-fired power plants.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。