核电厂凝汽器循环水流量优化分析

根据凝汽器运行特性确定其在满负荷下各温度平台、不同传热管清洁度下,循环水流量对凝汽器运行背压的影响,进而确定循环水流量与机组出力在各平台下的对应关系,结果显示,提高循环水流量能提升机组出力。在核电厂中,影响循环水流量主要因素为CRF泵的运行特性、凝汽器及附属设备阻力、海水潮位,其中钛管阻力特性和海水潮位为非控制因素,提高CRF泵转速可以提高CRF泵的扬程,从而提高循环水流量,根据CRF泵特性曲线,并利用泵特性的一般能耗规律,确定CRF泵转速与泵能耗、流量之间关系。绘制各边界条件下流量与机组出力曲线、流量与CRF能耗曲线最终分析从技术上是否存在优化循环水流量的可能性。     

基于遗传算法的火电机组运行优化

火电机组运行优化正成为火电厂运行工作和技术攻关的重要方面.文中结合某300MW燃煤机组运行实例,对其主要性能参数进行敏感性分析,得出性能参数偏差对煤耗率的影响规律,其中,飞灰含碳量、炉膛出口烟气含氧量、排烟温度、凝汽器真空度、给水温度、主蒸汽压力6个参数的每工程单位偏差对煤耗率的影响最大.在此基础上,建立了以煤耗率最低为目标函数的优化模型,并采用遗传算法进行寻优求解.最后,开发了火电机组运行优化软件,并在其上进行机组运行优化计算,得到了一个参数最优化的运行方案.优化结果表明,供电标准煤耗率比原来降低了约1.41 g/(kW.h).     

浅谈电力循环冷却水系统的优化运行与凉水塔防结冰措施

凝汽器排汽、真空度、排汽饱和温度、冷凝器冷却负荷等运行工况不变,循环水系统由2泵运行,改为1泵运行,循环水量为3170m3/h。此时冷凝器进水温度为16℃左右,出水温度30℃左右。     

600 MW超临界机组采用双压凝汽器的研究

基于传热熵产最小原理对多背压凝汽器进行优化,分析得出各级传热面积相等时熵产最小,并通过比较传热过程中熵产的大小,导出负荷最佳分配公式.并以国内某600 MW超临界机组为例,计算了该机组采用双压凝汽器的优越性.     

火电厂机组负荷优化调度软件系统的设计与实现

为满足火电厂节能降耗的内在需要,提出了厂级监控信息系统(SIS)平台下的机组负荷实时优化调度软件系统框架,实现了SIS和管理信息系统(M IS)的无缝集成和发电负荷自动分配.通过在线采集运行数据进行经济计算,实时拟合出各机组煤耗特性曲线,建立机组负荷分配的数学模型,在此基础上采用分层模糊遗传算法,实现了机组负荷的最优化调度.基于微软.NET Framework解决方案和Browser/Server多层架构设计思想,设计和实现了该实时优化调度软件系统.采用该软件进行负荷优化调度,可使全厂供电煤耗率比原来的值长制分配模式降低0.5 g/(kW.h)左右,有利于电厂的节能降耗.     

电站锅炉燃烧在变工况下最佳烟气含氧量的计算分析

本文在分析了各热经济性参数在烟气含氧量影响下变化特性的基础上,推导了以最小供电煤耗率为目标的最佳烟气含氧量偏微分方程,由此方程可以计算出电站锅炉变工况运行过程中不同负荷下的最佳烟气含氧量设定值,可以有效降低机组运行过程中电站锅炉的供电煤耗率。     

电厂汽轮机排汽湿度及凝汽器的最佳真空和最佳冷却水量的确定

在电厂机组实际运行中,凝汽器真空的调整是通过改变冷却水量来实现的。例如,在夏季或高负荷时,对定速不可调循环水泵,往往通过投入多台甚至全部循环水泵运行,达到增加冷却水量的目的;而对变速可调循环水泵,是通过调整动叶安装角或提高循环水泵的转速,达到增加冷却水量的目的。在冬季或低负荷时,冷却水量的调整方法则相反。这样的调整方法看似合理,实际上并不能保证在各种负荷下汽轮机的凝汽器均在最佳真空下运行。因而对汽轮机冷端系统进行运行优化研究很有必要。     

多压凝汽器供热的研究

针对我国300MW纯凝汽式机组,提出了采用可调式多背压凝汽器低真空运行供热的改造方案．将凝汽器由单压改为多压,并列运行的循环水改为串联运行,使其能够适应在非采暖期、采暖初期和高峰期的不同要求．并对凝改造后的汽轮发电机组多发出的电量,采暖初期和高峰期汽轮发电机组运行综合效益和节能效果进行了研究,对多压凝汽器的循环水供热的工程应用进行了综合技术经济分析．分析结果表明,其节能效果和经济效益显著．     

超临界350MW空冷机组阀门管理综合优化策略研究

针对国产超临界350MW空冷机组四季背压变化范围大、汽耗率高的问题,利用高调门对应喷嘴组数目存在差异性的特点,设计了阀门管理综合优化策略,通过控制不同负荷段所开启的阀门喷嘴组总数目,来提升机组的整体运行效率。实际运行试验证明：通过阀门管理综合优化,在不同负荷段采用不同高调门的进汽方式,可以有效提高汽轮机的高压缸效率,从而降低机组的发电煤耗。这对我国火力发电的节能降耗工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

电厂循环冷却水余热供暖技术探索与实践

该技术通过冬季关闭矸石热电厂的冷却塔,运行汽轮机凝汽器与供暖热用户之间的循环水泵,实现冷却循环水的闭式循环,使循环水直接进入供暖系统内,将循环水经冷却塔蒸发散失的热量全部回收用于供暖,当天气温度较低时,通过调整汽轮机凝汽器冷却循环水的温度,来满足供暖温度要求,可节省大量的热能,降低供暖成本,经济和社会效益十分可观。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the