发电机组凝汽器背压的优化计算

结合某电厂350 MW发电机组运行数据和凝汽器变工况计算,运用控制变量法分别定性与定量分析了机组负荷、循环水流量、循环水温度对凝汽器背压的影响,并进一步得到这些参数对机组热耗率、机组净功率、全厂供电煤耗率的影响规律。以机组净出力为目标函数,寻找机组运行最佳背压和最佳循环水流量,并给出机组在常用负荷(75%)运行时,循环水泵优化调整方案及优化调整前后全厂供电煤耗率的对比。经优化,循环水泵单泵运行向双泵运行切换的温度点由16℃调整至18℃;通过循环水泵运行方式调整,该台机组全厂平均供电煤耗率可节约0.25 g/(kW·h)。     

基于EMD距离的燃煤机组煤耗评估分析方法

燃煤机组班组间运行人员操作习惯的差异常常导致煤耗水平存在优劣之分,因此需要对班组进行对标管理,指导班组优化运行方式.传统上一般通过煤耗的均值、极值等统计指标来评估班组能耗水平,但是这些指标不能完整准确地反映班组的运行水平.为此采用了一种基于EMD距离(earth mover’s distance)的燃煤机组煤耗评估分析方法,采用直方图来估计煤耗及其影响参数的数据分布,并用EMD来定量计算数据分布之间的差异,然后以煤耗最低为目标搜索标杆机组,分析导致其他班组与标杆班组煤耗差异的关键参数,为班组运行优化提供建议.这种方法通过对煤耗关键性能指标数据分布的定量分析,实现了对燃煤机组煤耗水平的精准评估,为电力企业降低机组煤耗提供分析手段,也为政府监管部门开展燃煤机组节能降耗精细化对标管理和性能评估提供了技术支撑.     

基于SVR和GA的锅炉运行氧量基准值的优化确定

借助现场运行数据,根据锅炉运行氧量的特性,建立了基于支持向量回归的锅炉运行氧量预测模型,结果表明:SVR模型具有较高的回归精度和较好的泛化能力,能够有效地对不同工况下的锅炉氧量进行预测.在此基础上进行二次建模,获得了运行氧量、供电煤耗率与各运行参数之间的关系模型,并结合全局寻优的遗传算法,以机组的供电煤耗率为优化目标对输入参数进行寻优,确定了优化后的锅炉运行氧量基准值.计算结果表明该模型具有较高的准确性,通过全局寻优得到的氧量值具有可操作性,很好地解决了锅炉变工况运行参数基准值的确定问题.     

风火电打捆输电系统风火电配置比例研究

针对风火打捆外送的风火电比例配置问题,以机组总运行成本最低和输电功率最大为目标建立电源出力配置模型.采用考虑系统约束条件的等微增率法进行求解,并在不同风火电配置比例、不同弃风率情况下对单位煤耗、系统输电通道利用率、单位发电成本和单位发电的氮氧化物排放量等指标进行计算分析.在此基础上深入讨论了氮氧化物排放价格对系统单位发电成本的影响,结果表明,当氮氧化物排放价格达到一定值时,风电机组与火电机组可平等参与日前发电调度,实现系统的经济性和环保性.     

褐煤烟气预干燥发电系统变工况特性的仿真研究

针对褐煤烟气预干燥发电系统的变工况特性建立了全厂机炉耦合仿真模型,在设计工况下校核了模型的精度。对比发现:烟气预干燥可使600 MW机组的发电效率绝对值提高1.56%,发电标准煤耗率降低9.58g·(kW·h)-1。在不同的发电功率和褐煤预干燥程度下仿真了系统的变工况特性,分析了锅炉主要运行参数和机组发电标准煤耗率的变化规律,结果表明:发电标准煤耗率随发电功率的下降而上升;在不同的发电功率下,预干燥程度对锅炉运行参数和发电标准煤耗率影响显著,随着预干燥程度的减小,理论燃烧温度下降,高温炉烟抽取率下降,锅炉排烟温度上升,锅炉效率下降,发电标准煤耗率上升。     

火电机组经济性诊断系统的开发

在当前国家能源供应十分紧张的情况下,提高火力发电行业的节能意识,加强能源管理,降低煤耗具有十分重要的意义。因此,建立完整的火电机组经济性诊断理论和有效的节能诊断工具,进而找出节能潜力的大小和场所,才能有的放矢的采取措施,提高机组的运行经济性。运用火电厂节能诊断理论,以机组实际运行的DCS数据为依据,考虑了火电机组的负荷特性、环境特性和热力系统结构特性,建立了火电机组经济性诊断的模型。根据经济性诊断模型,基于Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0开发了通用的火电机组经济性诊断系统,实现对机组的运行参数、热力系统运行方式及热力设备运行、锅炉运行进行全面诊断,以确定机组最好运行水平。     

综合经济目标下的电厂汽轮机组最优负荷分配

提出了基于动态规划法的汽轮发电机组负荷分配的优化模型,该模型考虑了机组主要部件的低周疲劳寿命损耗、机组的最小运行时间和最小停机时间、负荷最大爬升和降负荷速度限制等约束条件,并对各种因素对负荷分配计算结果的影响进行了比较分析.文中以一个具有4台300MW机组的电厂作为运行单元,考虑运行单元内部的各种费用,并将其折合成标准煤耗量.计算结果表明,采用这种负荷分配模型,在满足电网调度负荷的前提下,可以降低煤耗率3g/(kW·h).     

影响电厂锅炉排烟温度的因素及控制措施

能源紧缺已越来越成为当前经济发展的重要阻碍，而且能源紧缺已不仅仅局限于某个国家和区域内，在全世界范围内这个问题普遍存在。在当前我国各行业的能耗中，其中火电发电行业一直位置能源消耗量的首位，所以通过对火电机组实施节能减排，这可以有效的实现能源的节约，推动火力发电行业的可持续发展。在当前火力机组运行过程中，其运行的经济性直接受到锅炉排类温度的影响，一旦锅炉排烟温度过高，则会导致锅炉煤耗量升高，但其锅炉效率则会降低，影响锅炉运行的经济性。所以通过控制锅炉排烟温度来实现机组的节能降低，确保锅炉运行的经济性是十分必要的，这对推动当前我国电厂节能工程的进展也具有积极的意义。     

百万机组锅炉冷态启动节能降耗优化

百万机组锅炉冷态启动时间长、耗能高,通过深入分析影响机组启动能耗的主要因素,对启动前的准备和启动过程进行优化,通过锅炉上水前的给水温度、提高冷态清洗标准、合理选择汽轮机冲转参数以及单侧送、引风机运行等优化,显著降低了锅炉启动油耗、煤耗和电耗,节省启动费用,提高锅炉启动的经济性,同时,缩短机组启动时间,为百万机组参与调峰运行创造有利条件。     

吸气喷液对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

通过对采用吸气喷液的热泵热水器循环过程进行理论分析,建立了压缩机吸气温度、排气温度、机组制热量、功耗及能效比等性能参数与吸气喷液量的关系,研究了不同喷液量对机组性能参数的影响.试验分析了不同运行工况下,吸气喷液引起的热泵热水器性能参数变化趋势,并与计算结果进行了对比分析.研究表明:采用吸气喷液对降低压缩机排气温度具有比较明显的效果,但同时也降低了机组制热量和能效比,提高了功耗;喷液量比例应该控制在5%以下;吸气喷液对于热泵热水器在低环境温度下运行具有较好的综合效果;在环境温度低于20℃运行时,采用吸气喷液可以降低压缩机排气温度10℃以上,机组制热量下降幅度小于5%,功耗上升幅度小于1.5%,能效比降低幅度低于7%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.