枸杞黄酮提取方法的比较研究

以宁夏枸杞总黄酮提取率为指标，利用正交设计优化实验条件，比较研究了微波提取与常用提取方法（回流提取法、超声波提取法）所得枸杞总黄酮的提取率，优选了枸杞总黄酮的提取方法．与回流法相比，超声波和微波提取法都能明显缩短提取时间，有效提高枸杞黄酮的提取率，特别是微波提取能显著提高枸杞黄酮的提取效率．微波提取的最佳实验条件为温度100℃，固液比1：30，火力3，提取时间20min．结果表明，用微波提取法提取宁夏枸杞总黄酮具有高效、省时的特点，值得在中药提取中推广应用．     

微波辅助法提取啤酒废酵母多糖的工艺研究

运用微波辅助技术,优选啤酒废酵母多糖的最佳提取工艺,以多糖提取率作为考察指标,采用单因素分析和正交试验对啤酒废酵母多糖的提取工艺条件进行优化。啤酒废酵母多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:微波时间为10min,微波功率为540W,浸润时间为1h,多糖得率为13.27%。与常规水提取法相比,微波辅助提取法具有提取时间短、效率高、节约能源的优点。     

微波辅助提取米糠多糖的工艺

以脱脂挤压米糠为原料，采用微波辅助法提取米糠多糖，并与传统热水浸提方法进行比较，通过考察料液比、微波辐射时间以及微波功率三个因素，设计正交试验，得出微波辅助提取米糠多糖的优化工艺条件为：料液比1：10，微波辐射时间为2min，微波炉功率400W．传统热水浸提米糠多糖提取率为2．02％，纯度为68．53％，微波辅助提取多糖的提取率为2．76％，纯度为72．47％．与传统热水浸提方法相比较，微波辅助法的米糠多糖提取率和纯度分别提高了36．6％和5．7％．微波辅助法提取可以显著提高米糠多糖的提取效率，但对其理化性质并无影响．     

响应面法-微波辅助萃取仙鹤草多糖工艺优化

通过响应面分析法对微波辅助萃取仙鹤草多糖工艺进行优化,最终确定仙鹤草多糖的实验室最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率400 W、微波时间111 s、提取温度87.3℃、液料比70.17 m L/g,且此条件下仙鹤草多糖提取率为4.54%.经验证性实验可知,此最佳提取工艺条件下的多糖提取率与响应面分析模型所得最优值有较好的拟合度,具有实际应用价值,且相对常规水煮法而言,微波辅助萃取法有提取时间短,提取温度低,提取率高等优点.     

海西黑枸杞多糖酶法提取工艺研究及其体外抗氧化性分析

以青海海西黑枸杞为原料,用酶法辅助提取其中的多糖。对比果胶酶、木瓜蛋白酶和纤维素酶的辅助提取效果,以料液比、加酶量、酶解时间和酶解温度为因素进行单因素实验,考察其对黑枸杞多糖提取率的影响,利用响应面法进一步优化黑枸杞多糖提取工艺参数,并对提取的多糖进行体外抗氧化性分析。结果表明:(1)果胶酶辅助提取黑枸杞多糖的效果最好,最佳提取条件为料液比1∶35(g∶mL)、加酶量0.02 g、酶解时间60 min、酶解温度30℃,提取率达到最大值26.60%,与模型方程理论预测值26.90%相对误差为1.12%;(2)海西黑枸杞多糖对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基具有较强的清除作用。     

微波强化提取大枣多糖的研究

通过正交试验确定了微波法强化提取大枣多糖的实验条件，并与常规的水浴提取法作了比较。结果表明，工艺条件为浸泡时间60min、pH6．5，微波处理5min，多糖浸提率为5．26％。与传统溶剂提取法相比，采用溶剂浸泡与微波提取集成技术提取大枣中的多糖具有明显的提取效果。     

桑叶多糖的提取工艺研究

研究了水浸提法提取桑叶多糖的工艺条件,比较了超声法、酶法和微波法等不同的前处理方法对桑叶多糖提取效率的影响．结果表明：（1）水浸提法提取桑叶多糖的较优方案为：温度80℃、时间1h、料液比1：40,桑叶多糖的得率约为11．50％．（2）超声法辅助提取桑叶多糖的较优方案为：超声功率300W,超声处理10min,之后水浸提多糖的得率为12．25％．（3）纤维素酶为桑叶多糖的最佳酶提取剂,其酶解的较优方案为：酶用量为桑叶量的1．5％,酶解时间2h,酶解温度50℃,酶处理后水提多糖得率为12．49％．（4）微波辐射时间以8min为宜,微波法辅助提取多糖得率为11．68％．（5）比较4种处理方法提取桑叶多糖的得率,依次为：酶辅助法〉超声辅助法〉微波辅助法〉水浸提法,综合考虑成本、工作效率等因素,以超声法前处理、水浸提桑叶多糖得率较高．     

超声法提取枸杞多糖工艺优化

采用超声法提取枸杞多糖,考察了料液比、超声功率、超声时间和提取温度四个因素对枸杞多糖提取率的影响。结果最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶50、超声功率60 W、超声时间15 min,提取温度90℃。     

微波辅助提取溪黄草多糖的工艺研究

以多糖提取率为评价指标,采用分光光度法测定溪黄草多糖的含量,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交优化考察了微波功率、微波时间、料液比对多糖提取率的影响．结果表明,各因素对溪黄草多糖提取率的影响顺序由大到小依次为：微波功率,微波时间,料液比．最佳提取条件为：微波功率为中火,微波时间为25min,料液比为1：15（g／mL）．在此条件下．溪黄草多糖的提取率为15．32％．与传统的索氏提取法相比,微波提取法具有提取效率高、节省时间、操作简便、易工业化等优点．     

枸杞蜂花粉多糖超声波提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

为确定枸杞蜂花粉多糖的最佳提取工艺,采用Box-Behnken试验设计,以提取得率为考察指标,优化超声辅助提取枸杞蜂花粉多糖的工艺,并研究了优化提取工艺条件下多糖的体外抗氧化活性。实验结果表明,超声辅助提取枸杞蜂花粉多糖的优化工艺为:料液比(g/mL)1∶25、提取温度90℃、超声功率240W、超声时间20min,多糖的得率为0.89%~0.91%,与预测值结果相符,表明模型拟合良好、优化工艺可行。体外抗氧化活性实验表明,枸杞蜂花粉多糖有较好的DPPH自由基和ABTS⁺自由基清除能力,但FRAP值较低。研究结果可为枸杞蜂花粉多糖的开发利用提供一定依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.