美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的研究

通过测定美洲斑潜蝇在不同寄主上的取食孔数、虫道数和一龄幼虫数来判断其对寄主的选拔,室外表明其对寄主的选择性大小依次为菜豆、豌豆、青瓜、番茄和生菜;室内选择试验结果与室外相似,依次为菜豆、青瓜、生菜和番茄;非选择试验表明,当缺乏嗜好寄主时,该虫能适应过去不嗜好的寄主,有扩大寄主范围的能力。     

Host selection of Helicoverpa armigera and H. assulta and its inheritance

The difference in host selection between the polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the oligophagous H. assulta Quenée was examined, with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (hosts of H. armigera), tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) (host of both H. armigera and H. assulta), and bush redpepper (Capsicum frutescens) (host of H. assulta) as testing plants. A multiple-choice test was used with caged plant cuttings for adult oviposition and with leaf discs for larval feeding. A no-choice test was run for evaluating larval growth rate. The results indicated that the relationship between larval performance and adult preference of H. assulta was more conspicuous than that of H. armigera. Reciprocal hybridization between H. armigera and H. assulta followed by backcrossing of the hybrids (F1) with H. armigera was also carried out for genetic study on host selection of these two insect species. A two-choice test with cotton and bush redpepper leaf discs showed that H. armigera larvae preferred to feed on cotton, and H. assulta larvae to bush redpepper; feeding preferences of the two F1 lines were intermediate between those of their parents, but close to that of their female parent; preference indexes of backcross lines also showed that both maternal factor and chromosomal inheritance were involved in feeding selection of two Helicoverpa species.     

寄主对丝带凤蝶幼虫和蛹发育和存活的影响

以丝带风蝶北京种群和武汉种群为材料,测定其取食马兜铃和北马兜铃后的幼虫及蛹的存活率、发育历期.研究结果表明,在25℃和28℃配合光周期16 L:8D h条件下,各处理幼虫和蛹存活率差异不显著.丝带凤蝶幼虫发育历期受温度、种群、寄主及其交互作用的影响显著.蛹发育历期显著受温度、种群及其交互作用的影响,寄主仅与种群问存在交...     

寄主植物和试虫龄期对斜纹夜蛾药剂敏感性的影响

采用浸叶法测定了取食芋、甘薯、白菜和空心菜4种不同寄主植物的斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）4龄幼虫对高效氯氟氰菊酯、毒死蜱、溴虫腈、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氟虫腈的敏感性,比较了不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性差异。结果表明：在取食的4种寄主植物中,斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫对以上5种药剂敏感性最高的均为甘薯,敏感性最低的均为芋,取食白菜和空心菜的幼虫对药剂的敏感性无明显差异;不同龄期斜纹夜蛾幼虫对药剂的敏感性存在显著差异,2—4龄幼虫随龄期的增加,药剂敏感性逐渐下降。     

温室白粉虱对植物的喜好性

回顾并总结了温室白粉虱对植物喜食性的没探讨方式。试验可以提示粉虱在不同种植物或植物不同组成部分上的数量分布。行为研究可以揭示刺探及吸食占的时间比例。行为研究与形成学研究相结合可以区分刺探与吸食这２个过程。还讨论了粉虱择食的链式过程。     

柑橘凤蝶形态特征及年生活史研究

野外采集卵、幼虫,在玻璃温室内供以幼虫寄主植物、成虫蜜源植物饲养,第2、3代及越冬代皆为第1代后代,观察研究柑橘凤蝶各虫态、各虫龄与发育历期.结果表明,柑橘凤蝶在郑州地区一年可完成3代,卵期为5⁷ d,幼虫5龄,幼虫期157 d,幼虫5龄,幼虫期15²4 d,蛹期924 d,蛹期9¹5 d,越冬蛹期14015 d,越冬蛹期140¹56 d,成虫期10156 d,成虫期10¹2 d.同时记录、描述了柑橘凤蝶各虫态、幼虫5个龄期外部形态及生物学习性.     

荔枝蝽在荔枝上取食行为的刺探电位分析

利用刺吸电位技术(EPG)测定了荔枝蝽4龄若虫在寄主荔枝上的取食行为。结果表明,荔枝蝽在荔枝上取食过程中产生了5 种波形：分别为NP波（非刺探波）、α波（刺探波）、β波（撕裂植物细胞波）、γ波（取食波）、δ波（取食结束波），但对不同品种荔枝没有明显差别，表明荔枝蝽对不同品种荔枝没有明显取食选择性。研究结果对于揭示荔枝蝽及其寄主荔枝之间的互作关系具有一定的意义。     

饥饿对锯缘青蟹（Scylls serrata）幼体存活与发育的影响

刚孵化的锯缘青蟹第一期蚤状幼体,经不同时间饥饿后再予投饵,结果表明,饥饿可显著降低幼体的存活率和延长其发育期,饥饿时间（t)和发育期长（D）呈线性关系9D＝4．81＋1．81t,r＝0．96,P＜0．01）,对于青蟹蚤,幼体,起始饥饿时间超过4d,再予投饵,幼体均不能恢复到正常发育和蜕皮,即其“不可恢复点（point of no-return,PNR）”约为4d,若幼体孵化后马上投喂,但在投喂后不同时间间间使幼体饥饿,50％青蟹蚤;幼体达到“营养贮存饱和点PRS50（Point-of-reserve satura-tion）”的投喂时间为2．3d,约为正常发育期长4．5d的一半,对已通过PRS点的幼体,饥饿一般不影响其蜕皮和发育,甚至还有一定促进作用。     

黑鲷化学感觉发育和摄食关系

研究了黑鲷（Ｓｐａｒｕｓｍａｃｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）仔、稚、幼鱼嗅觉和味觉器官的基本结构及嗅觉、味觉与摄食的关系，初孵仔鱼的嗅囊很小、很浅，细胞没有分化。５ｄ的嗅囊细胞开始分化，２４ｄ嗅囊分化完毕，嗅觉开始功能化，参与摄食反应。初孵仔鱼味蕾没分化，５ｄ的仔鱼味蕾分化形成，参与摄食反应。随发育的进行，先后从口咽腔、头部、躯干、尾部、鳍等处依次出现味蕾。嗅觉和味觉是鱼类的化学感觉，嗅觉可以对远、近距离的食物发生反应，而味觉只能对接触的或几乎接触的食物发生反应。化学感觉对摄食的作用是对黑暗条件下视觉摄食的补充。     

不同寄主植物对棉铃虫生长发育影响因素的分析

为了探索棉花叶片、加工番茄叶片、加工番茄青果和加工番茄红果对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育的影响,测定棉花叶片和加工番茄的果实等组织器官的主要物质含量,分析影响棉铃虫幼虫生长发育的因素。结果表明:以加工番茄叶片饲喂的棉铃虫上幼虫发育历期最短16.04 d、幼虫存活率最高54.44%,蛹羽化率最高83.58%,以加工番茄红果发育历期最长26.17 d,幼虫成活率最低3.67%,蛹羽化率最低0.00%。因此,4种食料中棉铃虫的适合度为:加工番茄叶片棉花叶片加工番茄青果加工番茄红果。棉花叶片、加工番茄叶片和果实中的营养成分差异较大,其中加工番茄叶片的可溶性蛋白含量最高为15.14%、C/N为0.91;加工番茄红果可溶性蛋白含量最低为3.04%、C/N为9.65。因此,植物组织内的可溶性糖含量低、C/N小、含水量和可溶性蛋白含量高有利于棉铃虫生长发育。     

Synthetic hosts by monomolecular imprinting inside dendrimers

Synthetic host systems capable of selectively binding guest molecules are of interest for applications ranging from separations and chemical or biological sensing to the development of biomedical materials. Such host systems can be efficiently prepared by 'imprinting' polymers or inorganic materials with template molecules, which, upon removal, leave behind spatially arranged functional groups that act as recognition sites. However, molecularly imprinted polymers have limitations, including incomplete template removal, broad guest affinities and selectivities, and slow mass transfer. An alternative strategy for moulding desired recognition sites uses combinatorial libraries of assemblies that are made of a relatively small number of molecules, interconverting in dynamic equilibrium; upon addition of a target molecule, the library equilibrium shifts towards the best hosts. Here we describe the dynamic imprinting of dendritic macromolecules with porphyrin templates to yield synthetic host molecules containing one binding site each. The process is based on our general strategy to prepare cored dendrimers, and involves covalent attachment of dendrons to a porphyrin core, cross-linking of the end-groups of the dendrons, and removal of the porphyrin template by hydrolysis. In contrast to more traditional polymer imprinting, our approach ensures nearly homogeneous binding sites and quantitative template removal. Moreover, the hosts are soluble in common organic solvents and amenable to the incorporation of other functional groups, which should facilitate further development of this system for novel applications.     

Insect defences: taste alteration and endoparasites

Taste sensation and food selection by animals can change adaptively in response to experience, for example to redress specific nutrient deficiencies. We show here, in two species of caterpillar, that infection by lethal parasites alters the taste of specific phytochemicals for the larvae. Given that these compounds are toxic to the parasites and are found in plants eaten by the caterpillars, their changed taste may encourage parasitized caterpillars to increase consumption of plants that provide a biochemical defence against the invaders.     

几种啮齿动物食性比较研究

采用笼养饲喂法,野外个体颊囊内含物统计法和胃内含物分析法３种方法,于１９９７年对内蒙古鄂尔多斯沙地中的４种主要啮齿动物（小毛足鼠Ｐｈｏｄｏｐｕｓ ｒｏｂｏｒｏｖｓｋｉｉ、三跳跳鼠Ｄｉｐｕｓ ｓａｇｉｔｔａ、子午沙鼠Ｍｅｒｉｏｎｅｓ ｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｕｓ和黑线仓鼠Ｃｒｉｃｅｔｕｌｕｓ ｂａｒａｂｅｎｓｉｓ）的食性进行了研究。３种方法得出的结果基本一致,从胃内含物和颊囊内含物分析结果看,小毛足鼠和黑线     

植物源昆虫拒食剂的研究与应用前景

拒食剂可以定义为能抑制昆虫取食而不直接杀死它们的化合物。昆虫常继续留在经拒食剂处理的植物上并可能因饥饿而死。大部分植物依赖次生代谢物来防御植食性昆虫。各种研究表明协同进化的压力使植物越来越能抵抗昆虫的取食。大部分植物源拒食性次生性化合物可以分为倍半萜烯内酯类、异黄酮类、苦木素类和柠檬苦素类化合物４ 大类。虽然到目前为止关于结构与生物活性间关系方面尚未建立确实的规律,但结构与生物活性间关系的研究可以为了解发生在某些昆虫的膜受体水平上的分子过程提供线索,因而可以指导分离或合成高效拒食剂。昆虫感知拒食剂化合物可以通过刺激特定昆虫的特化的拒斥感器或者干扰接收诱食刺激化合物的神经元的正常功能实现。因为植物拒食剂是天然化合物,能在自然环境中很容易地被分解,较少环境污染,因而在ＩＰＭ 中具有重要的作用。为了开发出无公害新农药,需要进一步进行其作用机制、对环境的影响、结构与生物活性间关系、高效拒食剂的合成及田间试验等方面的研究。     

移动焊接机器人的工件识别及焊缝起始位置定位

摘要：
考虑到非结构空间焊接的特殊性,通过视觉技术,基于圆投影和Zernike矩,提出了一种两步模板匹配法检测待焊工件是否出现在视觉区域;结合霍夫直线检测方法,设计了一套提取特征直线算法,并确定焊缝起始点在图像中的亚像素位置.由移动机器人在不同角度拍摄工件图像,圆投影和Zernike矩计算结果验证了其表征模板特性的有效性,具有旋转抗性,而且对于光照条件及摄像机视野的鲁棒性好,焊缝起始位置定位结果满足视觉计算需要. 关键词：
自主焊接; 移动机器人; 视觉技术; 工件识别 中图分类号： TG 409
文献标志码： A     

Effects of herbivore-induced rice volatiles on the host selection behavior of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

It has been suggested that herbivore would react to volatiles produced by herbivore infested plant due to potential change, either positive or negative, in the acceptability of the host plant. This hypothesis was tested for the brown planthopper (BPH) in the laboratory. Sixteen components of the headspace volatiles from rice seedlings with different treatments were collected with SPME and Tenax-TA trap and analyzed with GC and GC-MS. Significant differences in volatile emissions were observed for rice plants with different treatments. Undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants and the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d emitted much lower amounts of volatiles compared to the plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d. The plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d emitted several volatiles that were not detected in undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d. Spodoptera litura infested plants released much higher amounts of volatiles than those in all other treatments, and the contents of several green leaf volatiles, methyl salicylate and terpenoids increased dramatically. In dual-choice flight tunnel experiments, adult BPH females showed no significant preference between the untreated healthy plants and mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH adult females. However, rice plants damaged by S. litura had a clearly repellent effects on BPH adult females compared to healthy undamaged plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH.     

Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests

Recent advances in understanding insect communities in tropical forests have contributed little to our knowledge of large-scale patterns of insect diversity, because incomplete taxonomic knowledge of many tropical species hinders the mapping of their distribution records. This impedes an understanding of global biodiversity patterns and explains why tropical insects are under-represented in conservation biology. Our study of approximately 500 species from three herbivorous guilds feeding on foliage (caterpillars, Lepidoptera), wood (ambrosia beetles, Coleoptera) and fruit (fruitflies, Diptera) found a low rate of change in species composition (beta diversity) across 75,000 square kilometres of contiguous lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea, as most species were widely distributed. For caterpillars feeding on large plant genera, most species fed on multiple host species, so that even locally restricted plant species did not support endemic herbivores. Large plant genera represented a continuously distributed resource easily colonized by moths and butterflies over hundreds of kilometres. Low beta diversity was also documented in groups with differing host specificity (fruitflies and ambrosia beetles), suggesting that dispersal limitation does not have a substantial role in shaping the distribution of insect species in New Guinea lowland rainforests. Similar patterns of low beta diversity can be expected in other tropical lowland rainforests, as they are typically situated in the extensive low basins of major tropical rivers similar to the Sepik-Ramu region of New Guinea studied here.     

Complex evolutionary history of the vertebrate sweet/umami taste receptor genes

Adaptive evolution plays a role in the functional divergence and specialization of taste receptors and the sense of taste is thought to be closely related to feeding ecology.To examine whether feeding ecology has shaped the evolution of taste receptor genes in vertebrates,we here focus on Tas1r gene family that encodes umami(Tas1r1 and Tas1r3 heterodimer) and sweet(Tas1r2 and Tas1r3 heterodimer) taste receptors.By searching currently available genome sequences in 48 vertebrates that contain 38 mammals,1 reptile,3 birds,1 frog,and 5 fishes,we found all three members of Tas1rs are intact in most species,suggesting umami and sweet tastes are maintained in most vertebrates.Interestingly,the absence and pseudogenization of Tas1rs were also discovered in a number of species with diverse feeding preferences and distinct phylogenetic positions,indicating widespread losses of umami and/or sweet tastes in these animals,irrespective of their diet.Together with previous findings showing losses of tastes in other vertebrates,we failed to identify common dietary factors that could result in the taste losses.Our results report here suggest the evolution of Tas1rs is more complex than we previously appreciated and highlight the caveat of analyzing sequences predicted from draft genome sequences.Future work for a better understanding of taste receptor function would help uncover what ecological factors have driven the evolution history of Tas1rs in vertebrates.     

基于照片的三维虚拟人重建技术

以标准的三维虚拟人模型为模板,结合从真人的二维正交照片中提取的信息,对其进行重建,得到具有真实感的三维虚拟人模型.首先根据摄像机投影矩阵,得到标准人体三维模型的二维正交投影图像,跟真人的正交照片图像进行对比,得到两者轮廓中对应特征点之间的变形关系.然后利用二维正交图形的变形关系,计算出标准的三维虚拟人和真人的三维虚拟人模型相应三维特征顶点之间的位移关系;并根据特征点之间的相对变形矩阵对分块的标准三维虚拟人模型的所有顶点进行相应的坐标变换.最后提取真人的纹理信息,加载到三维模型中,得到具有真人纹理及相近形态特性的三维虚拟人模型.