DNA的生物催化功能

近年来，发现不少结构特殊的DNA分子具有多种生物催化功能，这些DNA分子被称为脱氧核酶或酶性DNA，它们在用作RNA或DNA工具酶、基因分析和诊断手段以及基因治疗药物等方面的潜力引人注目，综述了这些DNA分子的种类、性质和应用方面的最新研究进展。     

海洋弧菌碱性蛋白酶的分离纯化及部分性质研究

采用硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex-75,Sephadex-100凝胶过滤层析等方法纯化海洋弧菌（Vibrio pacini)X4B-7菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶，得到电泳纯酶制品，并对纯化酶的性质进行了研究。结果显示：纯酶的分子量为27KD，等电点pI=8.7,最适反应pH9.0-10.5，最适反应温度50－60℃。EDTA对酶活力没有影响，高酶浓度可以降低SDS对酶的抑制作用，该酶可用于解聚组蛋白。DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳证明：酶对DNA酶有降解作用，而对DNA没有降解作用，该酶有希望应用于核酸的提取。     

坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)叶绿体DNA 的快速提取

以阴干的坛紫菜叶状体为材料，通过酶解等方法获取完整的叶绿体．再裂解叶绿体并酚仿抽提获得叶绿体DNA．限制性内切酶Hind Ⅲ和EcoR Ⅰ双酶切及RAPD检测结果显示：叶绿体DNA与基因组DNA的酶切图谱及RAPD图谱均有比较明显的差异．多次重复实验证明，按此法提取的叶绿体DNA．其得率稳定，并可用作PCR扩增的模板及酶切图谱的构建等．该方法操作简便．过程快捷．可作为大型海藻叶绿体DNA提取的参考方法．     

离子注入等方法处理小麦种子后幼叶同工酶的研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法，研究了离子注入、SSC浸泡、DNA溶液浸泡和经离子注入转大豆DNA的小麦种子萌发10d后，幼叶中SDH、G6PD、α-Amy3种同工酶的变化，结果表明：各处理均可引起小麦幼叶中G6PD、SDH、α-Amy酶带与酶活性的变化；DNA片段比全长DNA对各种酶的影响更大。     

新型DNA聚合酶Tgo的扩增忠实性测定

用分子克隆技术从Thermococcus gorgonarius克隆并表达重组Tgo DNA聚合酶， 得到纯化的热稳定Tgo DNA聚合酶. 利用重组酶成功扩增了质粒pUC19、 野大麦Na⁺/H⁺逆向运转蛋白基因、 小鼠Cx37基因和人CYT2C9基因. 该酶的扩增性能与Taq酶相当， 而扩增忠实性分别比Taq酶、 Pfu酶高30倍和1.6倍.     

赤枝栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)叶绿体DNA的提纯方法研究

建立了一个快速、简便的提取赤枝榜(Castanopsis kawakamii)叶绿体DNA的方法，该方法主要步骤包括：叶绿体分离、DNA酶处理、裂解、去蛋白和纯化．本方法具有高产率、高纯度、高质量和快速简便等优点，省去了传统的蔗糖密度梯度离心和氯化铯密度梯度离心等昂贵、耗时的步骤．对获得的叶绿体DNA进行了限制性内切酶消化、RAPD分析并摸索出其最适应条件．     

芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒D克隆株DNA片段的克隆与鉴定

实验提取芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒D克隆株DNA，5种限制性内切酶消化，并对Eco RⅠ酶切片段进行分子克隆．结果表明，芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒D克隆株分子量为113．78kb；实验成功克隆出10个病毒DNA Eco RⅠ酶切片段．上述结果为芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒D克隆株的分子生物学分析提供了基础材料．     

启动变异细胞凋亡的酶被发现

细胞中的DNA发生变异，细胞就会癌变。在以往的研究中，科学家们发现，细胞中抑制癌变的基因“p53”会判断DNA变异的程度，如果变异较小，这种基因就促使细胞自我修复，若DNA变异较大，“p53”就诱导细胞凋亡。“p53”能在某种酶的作用下被激活，但科学家一直未确定是哪种酶。     

阔叶榧总DNA的提取及其RAPD反应条件的研究

在阔叶榧新鲜针叶DNA提取过程中，应用pH值较低，无机盐浓度较高的提取缓冲液可沉淀蛋白质，其中加入2％的β-颈基乙醇可有效地防止次生代谢物质使DNA变色。提取出的DNA样品产率在83．7－197．5ng/mg.f.，DNA质量和纯度较高，260nm/280nm光密度比值在1．8－1．9之间。所得DNA可直接用于限制性内切酶酶切，并可用于随机引物PCR扩增，在优化RAPD各种反应条件研究中，确定 了阔叶榧最佳RAPD反应体系为：15μL反应体系中含有50mmol/L KCl．10mmol/L Tris-HCl(pH9.0）．0．1％Triton-100、3nmolμL MgCl2、0.6nmol/μLdNTPs、6μg/μL BSA、1U Taq酶、60ng引物、50－100ng左右的阔叶榧DNA。     

水稻农虎26B保持系线粒体基因文库的构建

经Sau3AI部分酶解并脱磷的水稻农虎26B保持系的线粒体DNA与BamHI/EcoRI双酶切的λEMBL3AB载体DNA进行了连接,对连接物进行了体外包装,并感染NM538和Q359受体菌,得到了1.75×10~4个重组子.从中随机选取5个克隆的DNA,用BamHI进行酶切,琼脂糖凝胶电泳,出现了不同于载体DNA的酶切带型.另随机选取3个克隆的DNA,均与水稻线粒体DNA发生了杂交.由此认为,水稻农虎26B保持系线粒体基因文库确已建立.     

New field of cryptography： DNA cryptography

The vast parallelism, exceptional energy efficiency and extraordinary information density inherent in DNA molecules are being explored for computing, data stor- age and cryptography. In such research area, novel computers, data storage and cryptography mi…     

Assemble four-arm DNA junctions into nanoweb

DNA is of structural polymorphism, which is useful in nanoarchitecture; especially, four-arm DNA junctions can be used to assemble nanowebs. The static four-arm DNA junctions were designed and synthesized. One-arm DNA and two-arm DNA came out simultaneously with the four-arm DNA junction’s formation. A new method, termed the two-step method, was proposed and the productivity of four-arm DNA junctions was increased. A nanoweb was assembled successfully, but it showed irregularity itself. It was not the same as we expected. We consider that it is a result from the flexibility of four-arm DNA junction.     

A DNA sequence alignment algorithm using quality information and a fuzzy inference method

DNA sequence alignment algorithms in computational molecular biology have been improved by diverse methods. In this paper, we propose a DNA sequence alignment that uses quality information and a fuzzy inference method developed based on characteristics of DNA fragments and a fuzzy logic system in order to improve conventional DNA sequence alignment methods that uses DNA sequence quality information. In conventional algorithms, DNA sequence alignment scores are calculated by the global sequence alignment algorithm proposed by Needleman-Wunsch, which is established by using quality information of each DNA fragment. However, there may be errors in the process of calculating DNA sequence alignment scores when the quality of DNA fragment tips is low, because only overall DNA sequence quality information are used. In our proposed method, an exact DNA sequence alignment can be achieved in spite of low quality of DNA fragment tips by improvement of conventional algorithms using quality information. Mapping score parameters used to calculate DNA sequence alignment scores are dynamically adjusted by the fuzzy logic system utilizing lengths of DNA fragments and frequencies of low quality DNA bases in the fragments. From the experiments by applying real genome data of National Center for Biotechnology Information, we could see that the proposed method is more efficient than conventional algorithms.     

真核生物DNA连接酶Ⅲ的功能演化

DNA连接酶Ⅲ被认为只存在于脊椎动物,并在细胞核DNA的修复和线粒体DNA的复制和修复过程中发挥功能.虽然近来有关于无脊椎动物中存在着DNA连接酶Ⅲ的报道,但其功能演化及在无脊椎动物中的分布仍不清楚.为进一步探讨DNA连接酶Ⅲ的功能演化,进行了数据库搜索、线粒体定位信号(MLS)预测和功能位点保守性分析等.研究结果显示:DNA连接酶Ⅲ在变形虫、动物界和领鞭毛虫中广泛存在,但其在真菌界等发生整个蛋白或部分结构域的丢失;很多物种的DNA连接酶Ⅲ不含线粒体定位信号,因此,它们不太可能在线粒体中发挥作用,而参与细胞核DNA的修复是DNA连接酶Ⅲ较为古老和保守的功能.     

A DNA sequence alignment algorithm using quality information and a fuzzy inference method

DNA sequence alignment algorithms in computational molecular biology have been improved by diverse methods. In this paper, we propose a DNA sequence alignment that uses quality information and a fuzzy inference method developed based on the characteristics of DNA fragments and a fuzzy logic system in order to improve conventional DNA sequence alignment methods that uses DNA sequence quality information. In conventional algorithms, DNA sequence alignment scores are calculated by the global sequence alignment algo- rithm proposed by Needleman-Wunsch, which is established by using quality information of each DNA fragment. However, there may be errors in the process of calculating DNA sequence alignment scores when the quality of DNA fragment tips is low, because only the overall DNA sequence quality information are used. In our proposed method, an exact DNA sequence alignment can be achieved in spite of the low quality of DNA fragment tips by improvement of conventional algorithms using quality information. Mapping score param- eters used to calculate DNA sequence alignment scores are dynamically adjusted by the fuzzy logic system utilizing lengths of DNA fragments and frequencies of low quality DNA bases in the fragments. From the experiments by applying real genome data of National Center for Biotechnology Information, we could see that the proposed method is more efficient than conventional algorithms.     

天麻DNA分子的克隆与鉴定及其生物信息学分析

运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术测定天麻DNA指纹图谱,从中选择需要的特异DNA片段．经过DNA回收、克隆与鉴定,获得目的DNA阳性克隆．通过DNA测序和生物信息学分析确定目的DNA的新颖性及其所含的生物信息．应用PCR技术研究了该DNA序列在天麻种群中的分布．结果表明,该DNA序列是新发现的,而且含有丰富的生物学信息,值得进一步研究．本研究成果为天麻基因组DNA的开发与利用提供了科学依据,可应用于天麻种群的遗传分类,对其他经济植物包括药用植物的相关研究具有借鉴意义．     

Newly replicated DNA is associated with DNA topoisomerase II in cultured rat prostatic adenocarcinoma cells

DNA topoisomerases have been proposed to function in a variety of genetic processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we have assessed the role of DNA topoisomerase II in mammalian DNA replication by determining the proximity of newly synthesized DNA to covalent enzyme-DNA complexes generated by treating cultured rat prostatic adenocarcinoma cells with teniposide. Teniposide (VM-26), an epipodophyllotoxin, is known to interact with mammalian DNA topoisomerase II so as to trap the enzyme in a covalent complex with DNA. We have found that the teniposide-induced trapping of such complexes requires MgCl2, is stimulated by ATP and is inhibited by novobiocin. The formation of covalent complexes seems to be reversible on removal of teniposide. Furthermore, analysis of the covalent complexes formed between 3H-thymidine pulse-labelled DNA and topoisomerase II following teniposide treatment reveals a direct association of the enzyme with nascent DNA fragments. Our results suggest that DNA topoisomerase II may interact with newly replicated daughter DNA molecules near DNA replication forks in mammalian cells.     

基因工程与外源DNA导入技术

基因工程是把目的基因与适当的载体相连接形成重组ＤＮＡ, 并引入到适当的寄主细胞中进行复制和表达; 外源ＤＮＡ 导入技术是将供体总ＤＮＡ的片段, 在自花受粉后一定时期内, 使其沿着花粉管通道或其他方法进入胚囊, 转化受精卵或其前后的细胞． 基因工程方法思路清晰、原理清楚、目的明确, 但操作繁琐, 费用高; 外源ＤＮＡ导入技术简便易行, 费用低, 但目的性不强, 工作量大． 如将两种方法结合使用, 可降低费用, 提高整合率． 综述了两种方法的研究进展情况及在实际应用中所取得的成果     

葛属植物基因组DNA的提取和纯化

采用SDS裂解法提取了葛属植物成熟叶片的基因组DNA,并利用凝胶纯化试剂盒进行了纯化。结果表明,该纯化方法有效,所获得的DNA可用于PCR反应。     

Human meiotic recombinase Dmc1 promotes ATP-dependent homologous DNA strand exchange

Homologous recombination is crucial for the repair of DNA breaks and maintenance of genome stability. In Escherichia coli, homologous recombination is dependent on the RecA protein. In the presence of ATP, RecA mediates the homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange reaction that links recombining DNA molecules. DNA joint formation is initiated through the nucleation of RecA onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form helical nucleoprotein filaments. Two RecA-like recombinases, Rad51 and Dmc1, exist in eukaryotes. Whereas Rad51 is needed for both mitotic and meiotic recombination events, the function of Dmc1 is restricted to meiosis. Here we examine human Dmc1 protein (hDmc1) for the ability to promote DNA strand exchange, and show that hDmc1 mediates strand exchange between paired DNA substrates over at least several thousand base pairs. DNA strand exchange requires ATP and is strongly dependent on the heterotrimeric ssDNA-binding molecule replication factor A (RPA). We present evidence that hDmc1-mediated DNA recombination initiates through the nucleation of hDmc1 onto ssDNA to form a helical nucleoprotein filament. The DNA strand exchange activity of hDmc1 is probably indispensable for repair of DNA double-strand breaks during meiosis and for maintaining the ploidy of meiotic chromosomes.