非晶态Ni-P合金的组织结构转变

本文采用化学镀方法制备非晶态Ni-P合金,研究了非晶态Ni—P合金的组织结构转变过程。结果表明,非晶态Ni-P合金的磷含量影响其晶化转变,磷含量小于11.0％,晶化相为f.c.c Ni,大于11.0％的则为Ni_3P,其过程类似过冷液体的结晶过程。     

纳米Al2O3粒子增强化学镀Ni-P复合镀层的组织结构

通过化学复合镀制备纳米Al2O3粒子增强Ni-P复合镀层，并对所得纳米复合材料的组织结构进行了深入研究．场发射扫描电镜分析(FESEM)和透射电镜分析(TEM)结果表明，纳米粒子在复合镀层中含量较高且分布均匀；X射线衍射分析(XRD)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果表明，粒子没有改变复合镀层镀态结构(非晶态)，但使得复合镀层晶化温度降低．根据等速升温和等温的DSC曲线对化学复合镀层的晶化过程做了动力学分析，晶化表观活化能和Avrami指数均有降低．在230℃热处理24h后，化学复合镀层发生晶化析出Ni3P，而同样条件下的Ni-P合金保持非晶态．复合镀层显微硬度值比化学镀Ni-P镀层明显提高，热处理后镀层晶化硬度值大幅提高，400℃热处理1h后达到最高值(HV50超过1150)。     

液相脉冲放电制备纳米Ni-P合金粉工艺

采用液相脉冲放电技术,通过改变脉冲电压、放电次数、Ni2+浓度、pH值,以及加入稀土添加剂(LaCl3、NdCl3)等途径,研究了制备工艺中各因素对Ni-P合金粉的结构、形貌、粒径以及对Ni2+转化率的影响.结果表明,脉冲能量是影响Ni-P合金粉粒径和Ni2+转化率的主要因素,提高脉冲电压或增加放电次数,Ni-P合金粉平均粒径明显减小,而Ni2+转化率增大.聚焦光束反射测量仪(FBRM)实时监测结果表明,在放电过程中Ni-P合金粉的形核、生长速率显著大于放电结束之后的形核、生长速率.加入LaCl3、NdCl3能使Ni-P合金粉粒径减小,LaCl3质量浓度为0.1g.L-1时制得的Ni-P合金粉平均粒径为156nm,NdCl3质量浓度为0.05g.L-1时其平均粒径为72nm.     

非晶态Ni-P合金粉体的脉冲放电制备及其催化性能

采用脉冲放电技术合成Ni-P合金粉体,研究了合金粉体的结构及其对高氯酸铵热分解的影响. 结果表明,非晶态Ni-P合金粉体是由微粒组成的团聚结构. 脉冲放电电压700、900和1100V对应的弦粒子数依次增大,粉体粒径依次减小,分别为350～500、250～400和150～300nm. Ni- -P合金粉体促进高氯酸铵的低温和高温热分解,与纯高氯酸铵相比,高氯酸铵和Ni- -P粉体混合物的第1放热峰(低温分解峰)温度降低幅度小于12℃,第2放热峰(高温分解峰)温度降低约53℃;合金粉体粒径减小,第1放热峰强度增强,第2放热峰强度减弱,低温分解失重从高氯酸铵的15.97%增加到42.78%,高温分解失重从81.62%降低到47.58%,高温分解结束时温度的降低幅度为26～43℃.     

原位XAFS研究纳米非晶态合金NiB的晶化机理

利用原位XAFS技术研究了在273 K下化学还原法制备Ni70B30纳米非晶态合金的升温晶化过程.结果表明,NiB初始样品中存在Ni和B原子的局部富集,Ni原子的局域结构类似于非晶态Ni,并且Ni原子第一近邻B原子的平均配位数只有0.7左右,远低于其化学计量比7:3应有的配位数3.6.在升温至498 K时,部分NiB开始晶化生成fcc-Ni;在523～598 K温度范围内,NiB晶化比例随着温度的升高呈线性增加;在温度高于598 K时,NiB纳米非晶态合金的晶化基本完成.     

电子显微镜研究Ni-P/SiO_2非晶态催化剂晶化过程

采用化学还原法制备了负载型Ni－P／SiOz非晶态合金催化剂．应用ICP,BET,氢吸附,XRD,DSC,SEM和STM研究了上述催化剂在高温处理过程中的组成、木体结构、表面形貌的变化．确定了催化剂的晶化温度．通过与非负载型Ni－P非晶态合金催化剂的比较,讨论了载体对Ni-P非晶态结构的稳定化作用．     

原位XAFS研究纳米非晶态合金NiB的晶化机理

利用原位XAFS技术研究了在273K下化学还原法制备Ni70B30纳米非晶态合金的升温晶化过程．结果表明，NiB初始样品中存在Ni和B原子的局部富集，Ni原子的局域结构类似于非晶态Ni，并且Ni原子第一近邻B原子的平均配位数只有0．7左右，远低于其化学计量比7：3应有的配位数3．6．在升温至498K时，部分NiB开始晶化生成fcc-Ni;在523～598K温度范围内，NiB晶化比例随着温度的升高呈线性增加；在温度高于598K时，NiB纳米非晶态合金的晶化基本完成．     

超细NiB非晶态合金的结构及催化性能

采用XAFS、XRD和DTA技术研究了化学还原法制备的超细NiB非晶态合金的结构及退火晶化行为.结果表明,NiB非晶态合金的退火晶化分两步进行在598K形成晶态的Ni3B和纳米晶的Ni;652K退火导致Ni3B分解以及纳米晶Ni聚集.在623K退火处理后的NiB样品的苯加氢活性最高.活性组分的苯加氢催化性能高低顺序为纳米晶Ni＞超细Ni-B非晶态合金＞晶态Ni.超细Ni-B非晶态合金的活性中心主要为纳米晶的Ni和Ni富集的NiB非晶态.超细NiB非晶态合金催化剂在反应过程中失活的原因主要是纳米晶Ni的聚集和积碳而所导致活性表面降低.     

骨架型Ni—P非晶态合金的制备及其在苯加氢中催化性能的研究

采用骤冷法制备Ni-Al-P非晶态合金,通过碱抽滤得到骨架型Ni-PD催化剂（Raney Ni-P）,其非晶态结构由XRD和EXAFS证实。选择工业上具有重要应用价值的苯饱和加氢反应为探针,测定了上述催化剂的催化活性（包括吸氢速率、转化率和TOF值）和对环己烷的选择性,并与其对应的由传统骤冷法制备的Ni-PD非晶态合金、晶化Paney Ni-P以及工业上常用的Raney Ni催化剂进行了比较。实验结果显示,Raney Ni-P的催化性能显著优于其他三种催化剂,而且DSC分析显示了具有较好的热稳定性,因此具有良好的工业化应用前景。通过考察苯浓度、H2压力和反应温度对加以应速率的影响,确定了在Raney Ni-P催化剂上苯加氢反应的动力学速率方程和表现活化能,并提出了可能的反应机理。通过ICP,XRD,XPS,EXAFS,TEM,BET,氢吸附等一系列表征,讨论了催化剂的活性中心结构特征与其催化活性的关系。Raney Ni的催化活性高于传统Ni-P主要归因于其比表面积（分散度）,而Raney Ni-P的催化活性高于Raney Ni主要归因于催化活性中中心本质的区别。由于非晶态合金Ni-P中无显著的电子转移,因此几何效应起主要的促进作用。Raney Ni-P的晶化失活则同时归于分散度和活性中心结构的改变。     

快速凝固AlNiCuNd金属玻璃在纳米尺度上的初始晶化行为

采用熔体旋甩法制备了快速凝固Al87Ni7Cu3Nd3金属玻璃,并以等温加热和非等温加热模式处理试样.采用差示扫描量热分析、X射线衍射分析、配有选区电子衍射的高分辨电镜分析等测试手段,研究了富Al非晶合金的晶化过程及其部分晶化的微观结构.研究结果表明:快淬态薄带在微观下完全呈非晶态且分布均匀,但也包含高密度的淬态丛聚或晶籽;快速凝固Al87Ni7Cu3Nd3合金薄带在初始晶化期间从非晶基体中析出的主要是α-Al纳米晶体颗粒.基于初始晶化的部分退火薄带显微组织特征可以描述为:大量的α-Al晶体纳米颗粒均匀弥散分布在残余非晶基体中,α-Al晶体颗粒大多处于相互独立的状态,且呈随机自由取向,但当加热温度太高时,可能会有少量Al3Ni细小颗粒出现;α-Al晶体从非晶中析出是一个包括形核长大的完整过程,在初始晶化初期,α-Al晶体颗粒以极高的速率析出,由于溶质(Ni和Nd等)浓度扩散场所引起的软钉扎作用,α-Al晶体颗粒生长受阻,甚至在后期残留非晶相出现稳定化,初始晶化变得困难;在初始晶化过程中,阻碍α-Al晶体生长的主导动力学机制是软钉扎,而不是几何钉扎.     

Morphology and microstructure characterization of 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe powder prepared by mechanical alloying

Morphology and microstructure characterization of 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe powder prepared by mechanical alloying@Islam S.Humail$State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials,Materials Science and Engineering School, University of Science and Technology B…     

淬火转移时间对A357 铝合金力学性能与微观组织的影响

 采用OM、DSC、SEM 与TEM,结合力学性能测试研究淬火转移时间对A357 铝合金力学性能与微观组织的影响。结果表明:随着淬火转移时间由3 s 延长至49 s,A357 铝合金经T6 热处理后的抗拉强度、屈服强度与延伸率分别由351 MPa、275MPa 与12.4%降低至320 MPa、254 MPa 与6.5%,合金材料的抗拉强度连续下降,屈服强度变化较小,延伸率呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势。初生与共晶Si 相逐渐由细长的针状或片层状转变为椭圆球状或棒状,平均长度为10~25 μm,平均宽度为5~10 μm,当淬火转移时间超过35 s 后,初生与共晶Si 相则仍以细长的针状或片层状形貌为主。拉伸断口形貌以韧窝断裂为主,附带部分沿晶断裂,随着淬火转移时间的增加,断口表面韧窝数量随之减少,沿晶断裂裂纹数量不断增加;Mg 与Si 元素集中分布于晶粒边界处的二元与三元共晶组织中,Al 元素广泛分布于晶粒内部及晶粒边界处;人工时效过程析出的Mg₂Si 强化相长度约为0.2~1 μm,宽度为0.02~0.08 μm,且随着淬火转移时间的延长,Mg₂Si 强化相的析出数大量减少,长径比不断下降,合金材料的强度与塑性随之降低。     

超声外场对SiCp/7085复合材料颗粒微观团聚与界面结合的作用机理

采用半固态混合-机械搅拌-超声施振的方法制备了体积分数为10%的SiCp/7085复合材料,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射对颗粒分布与界面进行研究,重点研究超声外场对复合材料颗粒团聚与界面结合的作用机理.实验结果表明:单纯机械搅拌对400目颗粒的团聚与界面结合的作用效果有限;超声外场下,空化作用产生的微射流与瞬时高温高压能够有效破除颗粒团聚体的包裹层,打散颗粒;超声破除颗粒表面氧化膜,除去气体层,使熔体中的镁元素与颗粒直接接触并反应是改善熔体与颗粒润湿性的重要因素;最终在界面处生成MgAl2O4强化相,从而获得更优的界面结合.     

Evolution of insoluble eutectic Si particles in anodic oxidation films during adipic-sulfuric acid anodizing processes of ZL114A aluminum alloys

The effects of insoluble eutectic Si particles on the growth of anodic oxide films on ZL114A aluminum alloy substrates were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anodic oxidation was performed at 25℃ and a constant voltage of 15 V in a solution containing 50 g/L sulfuric acid and 10 g/L adipic acid. The thickness of the formed anodic oxidation film was approximately 7.13 μm. The interpore distance and the diameters of the major pores in the porous layer of the film were within the approximate ranges of 10-20 nm and 5-10 nm, respectively. Insoluble eutectic Si particles strongly influenced the morphology of the anodic oxidation films. The anodic oxidation films exhibited minimal defects and a uniform thickness on the ZL114A substrates; in contrast, when the front of the oxide oxidation films encountered eutectic Si particles, defects such as pits and non-uniform thickness were observed, and pits were observed in the films.     

Mn对Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金车身板组织和性能的影响

通过拉伸和埃里克森实验以及扫描电镜/能谱、透射电镜和金相分析,研究Mn的质量分数对Al Mg Si Cu铝合金汽车板显微组织、力学性能和成形性的影响·研究表明,随Mn质量分数增加,Al Mg Si Cu汽车板铝合金不可溶结晶相及弥散相粒子数量均增加,不可溶结晶相使合金组织纤维化对板材冲压成形性不利,弥散相粒子阻碍再结晶晶粒长大;提高Mn的质量分数,Al Mg Si Cu汽车板铝合金的强度增加,但延伸率和冲压成形性降低·     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the micrograined hypoeutectic Zn–Mg alloy

A biodegradable Zn alloy, Zn–1.6Mg, with the potential medical applications as a promising coating material for steel components was studied in this work. The alloy was prepared by three different procedures: gravity casting, hot extrusion, and a combination of rapid solidification and hot extrusion. The samples prepared were characterized by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Vickers hardness, tensile, and compressive tests were performed to determine the samples’ mechanical properties. Structural examination reveals that the average grain sizes of samples prepared by gravity casting, hot extrusion, and rapid solidification followed by hot extrusion are 35.0, 9.7, and 2.1 μm, respectively. The micrograined sample with the finest grain size exhibits the highest hardness (Hv = 122 MPa), compressive yield strength (382 MPa), tensile yield strength (332 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (370 MPa), and elongation (9%). This sample also demonstrates the lowest work hardening in tension and temporary softening in compression among the prepared samples. The mechanical behavior of the samples is discussed in relation to the structural characteristics, Hall–Petch relationship, and deformation mechanisms in fine-grained hexagonal-close-packed metals.     

银/聚吡咯/二氧化钛复合纳米粒的制备与结构表征

以钛酸四丁酯、硝酸银和吡咯为原料采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了银/聚吡咯/二氧化钛(Ag/PPy/TiO2)复合纳米粒,考察了PPy单体用量、原料配比等因素对制备复合纳米粒的影响。运用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)等测试方法对复合纳米粒进行了表征。结果表明,Ag/PPy/TiO2复合纳米粒具有棒状的核壳结构,聚吡咯包覆在Ag和TiO2纳米粒子的表面。     

低温合成TiO2/Fe3O4磁载光催化剂的光催化性能研究

采用化学共沉淀法合成的磁性纳米Fe₃O₄为磁核,以钛酸四丁酯为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法,在较低温度下合成了TiO₂/Fe₃O₄磁性光催化剂。利用XRD、TEM、SEM-EDX等分析方法对合成催化剂的相组成、形貌、粒度、元素分布等进行了表征;研究了不同焙烧温度及TiO₂/Fe₃O₄比例对降解罗丹明B光催化活性及磁分离回收性能的影响。结果表明,在100、300和450 ℃焙烧温度下磁性光催化剂的催化活性依次降低,较低温度(100 ℃)制备的催化剂具备较高的催化活性;当TiO₂质量分数处于67.3%～73.0%时,催化剂既具有较高的光催化降解活性也具有较好的磁分离回收性能;光催化剂TiO₂/Fe₃O₄（100 ℃,TiO₂质量分数70%）在循环使用5次后,在降解75 min时仍能达到对罗丹明B 99%的脱色率和90%的回收率。     

Microstructure of Ni–Al powder and Ni–Al composite coatings prepared by twin-wire arc spraying

Ni–Al powder and Ni–Al composite coatings were fabricated by twin-wire arc spraying (TWAS). The microstructures of Ni-5wt%Al powder and Ni-20wt%Al powder were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the obtained particle size ranged from 5 to 50 μm. The morphology of the Ni–Al powder showed that molten particles were composed of Ni solid solution, NiAl, Ni₃Al, Al₂O₃, and NiO. The Ni–Al phase and a small amount of Al₂O₃ particles changed the composition of the coating. The microstructures of the twin-wire-arc-sprayed Ni–Al composite coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the main phase of the Ni-5wt%Al coating consisted of Ni solid solution and NiAl in addition to a small amount of Al₂O₃. The main phase of the Ni-20wt%Al coating mainly consisted of Ni solid solution, NiAl, and Ni₃Al in addition to a small amount of Al and Al₂O₃, and NiAl and Ni₃Al intermetallic compounds effectively further improved the final wear property of the coatings. TEM analysis indicated that fine spherical NiAl₃ precipitates and a Ni–Al–O amorphous phase formed in the matrix of the Ni solid solution in the original state.     

Characterization of Cu-Ti powder metallurgical materials

Powder metallurgical Cu-Ti alloys with different titanium additions produced by hot pressing were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and hardness, wear and bending tests. The addition of titanium to copper caused the formation of different intermetallic layers around titanium particles. The titanium content of the intermetallics decreased from the center of the particle to the copper matrix. The hardness, wear resistance, and bending strength of the materials increased with increasing Ti content, whereas strain in the bending test decreased. Worn surface analyses showed that different wear mechanisms were active during the wear test of specimens with different chemical compositions. Changes in the properties of the materials with titanium addition were explained by the high hardness of different Cu-Ti intermetallic phases.