棕榈油乙酯化合成脂肪酸乙酯及其动力学

为了研究反应条件对乙酯化反应的影响，提高脂肪酸乙酯的转化率，本文以氢氧化钠催化棕榈油与无水乙醇发生酯化反应合成棕榈油脂肪酸乙酯。首先考察棕榈油的理化性质，然后通过单因素实验和正交实验考察反应过程中醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对乙酯化反应合成棕榈油脂肪酸乙酯转化率的影响，并用FT-IR和TLC对棕榈油脂肪酸乙酯进行表征和分析。结果表明：优化的工艺条件为醇油物质的量比为7∶1,催化剂质量分数为0.8%(占棕榈油质量),反应温度为75℃,反应时间为2.0 h时，棕榈油脂肪酸乙酯的转化率为95.6%,且高于同类产品。动力学研究表明：酯化过程为二级反应，在反应温度为60、70、80℃的反应速率常数分别为0.059 8、0.102 1、0.166 3 L/(mol·min),活化能为2.033 0 kJ/mol。     

菜籽油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了菜籽油在KOH催化剂作用下与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的过程,着重考察了醇油比、催化剂用量和反应温度等操作条件对反应的影响,试验结果表明,该反应最适宜的操作条件为醇油的物质的量之比为61,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的1%,反应温度为65～70℃,反应时间为90～120min.     

固体碱MgO/ZrO2催化大豆油制备生物柴油

采用共沉淀法制备固体碱催化剂MgO/ZrO2,并以此催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察MgO含量和催化剂焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,以及优化酯交换反应的工艺条件,结果表明:在MgO质量分数为15%、焙烧温度700℃、反应时间3 h、反应温度60℃,醇油物质的量比12∶1和催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3%的条件下,生物柴油的产率可以达到82%以上。该催化剂对酯交换反应具有较高的催化活性和较好的稳定性。     

利用大豆酸化油合成生物柴油的工艺研究

采用大豆酸化油在催化剂浓硫酸的作用下与甲醇发生酯化反应制备脂肪酸甲酯（生物柴油）,研究了醇油摩尔比,催化剂质量分数,反应时间,反应温度等对产物收率的影响。通过正交试验得到最佳反应条件：醇油摩尔比16：1,催化剂质量分数2％,反应时间8h,反应温度70℃。在最佳条件下,酸化油酸值由128降至5．6,酯化率达到95．6％,生物柴油的收率为68．0％。     

基于均匀设计的生物柴油最优制备工艺参数研究

以均匀设计法安排试验,对大豆油在酯交换反应下制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究.为获得最优制备工艺参数,考查了n(醇)∶n(油)(3∶1～8∶1)、催化剂质量分数(0.4%～1.4%)、反应温度为(45～70℃)、反应时间(40～140min)及其交互作用对生物柴油产率和原料转化率的影响.结果表明:n(醇)∶n(油)、催化剂用量可显著地影响生物柴油的产率和原料转化率.同时甲醇与反应温度、催化剂与反应时间之间存在对抗效应,而甲醇与反应时间、催化剂与反应温度、反应温度与反应时间之间则存在协同作用.利用回归分析和BP神经网络,确定最优工艺参数为:n(醇)∶n(油)=6∶1;催化剂质量分数1.0%;反应温度45℃;反应时间30min.经液相色谱仪测定,生物柴油产率高达97.6%.     

大豆油酯交换法制备生物柴油

采用大豆油在催化剂氢氧化钠作用下与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油.研究了醇油摩尔比、催化荆质量分数、反应时间、反应温度等对反应产率的影响.采用红外光谱表征产品.实验结果表明,当醇油摩尔比5.9:1,反应时间2 h,催化荆用量为原料油质量的0.99%,反应温度65℃时,生物柴油的收率最高,为87%.     

活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

用活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛,研究了催化剂的用量,反应温度,反应时间,醛醇物质的量之比及带水剂等因素对反应的影响.实验表明:丁醛和乙二醇的物质的量比为1∶1.5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量分数的1.0%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间40 min的优化条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的产率可达93.53%.并且催化剂可重复使用.     

柠檬酸三丁酯的合成研究

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三丁酯(TBC).探讨了酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、带水剂等对反应的影响,并对催化剂进行了重复利用研究,产品经气相色谱和红外光谱分析.确定的最佳工艺条件为:酸醇物质的量比为1∶4,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的3%,反应时间4 h,产率达96.3%.     

Na2O／MCM-41固体碱催化的废油脂酯交换反应研究

在固体碱催化剂Na2O/MCM-41作用下,对废油脂制取生物柴油的工艺优化进行了研究.考察了Na2O添加量、甲醇油脂摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等对酯交换反应的影响.在Na2O添加量为8.0%,醇油物质的量比为16∶1,催化剂用量为油重的3.0%,反应温度为130℃及反应时间为2 h的条件下,生物柴油的收率可达到89.84%.     

磷钨酸/活性炭催化合成二甘醇双丙烯酸酯

用磷钨酸／活性炭为催化剂，催化合成二甘醇双丙烯酸酯，其性能优于硫酸和其他质子酸。结果表明，在酸醇物质的量比为2．1：1、催化剂用量为丙烯酸质量的1．3％、反应温度为115－120℃、反应时间75min及以甲苯为共沸剂的条件下，酯化率达94．2％，产品质量分数大于98％，并且催化剂可以重复使用多次。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.