乳铁蛋白对口腔癌细胞中VEGF和bFGF表达的影响

目的探讨乳铁蛋白对口腔癌细胞中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)表达的影响.方法选用人口腔鳞癌细胞系CAL-27,分为0.006,0.013,0.025,0.050 g/L重组人乳铁蛋白实验组和空白对照组.应用RT-PCR法检测VEGF和b FGF mRNA表达水平;应用Western Blot法检测VEGF和b FGF蛋白表达水平.结果 CAL-27口腔癌细胞VEGF和b FGF mRNA均随着乳铁蛋白浓度增加表达量逐渐减少;0.050 g/L乳铁蛋白实验组VEGF和b FGF mRNA表达量明显低于空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).CAL-27口腔癌细胞VEGF和b FGF蛋白产物随着乳铁蛋白浓度增加表达量逐渐减少;0.050 g/L乳铁蛋白实验组VEGF,b FGF蛋白表达量明显低于空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论乳铁蛋白可有效抑制口腔癌细胞系CAL-27细胞中VEGF,b FGF的转录和表达,进而抑制血管生成,可作为乳铁蛋白抗口腔癌的机制之一.     

A role for VEGF as a negative regulator of pericyte function and vessel maturation

Angiogenesis does not only depend on endothelial cell invasion and proliferation: it also requires pericyte coverage of vascular sprouts for vessel stabilization. These processes are coordinated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) through their cognate receptors on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. PDGF induces neovascularization by priming VSMCs/pericytes to release pro-angiogenic mediators. Although VEGF directly stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration, its role in pericyte biology is less clear. Here we define a role for VEGF as an inhibitor of neovascularization on the basis of its capacity to disrupt VSMC function. Specifically, under conditions of PDGF-mediated angiogenesis, VEGF ablates pericyte coverage of nascent vascular sprouts, leading to vessel destabilization. At the molecular level, VEGF-mediated activation of VEGF-R2 suppresses PDGF-Rbeta signalling in VSMCs through the assembly of a previously undescribed receptor complex consisting of PDGF-Rbeta and VEGF-R2. Inhibition of VEGF-R2 not only prevents assembly of this receptor complex but also restores angiogenesis in tissues exposed to both VEGF and PDGF. Finally, genetic deletion of tumour cell VEGF disrupts PDGF-Rbeta/VEGF-R2 complex formation and increases tumour vessel maturation. These findings underscore the importance of VSMCs/pericytes in neovascularization and reveal a dichotomous role for VEGF and VEGF-R2 signalling as both a promoter of endothelial cell function and a negative regulator of VSMCs and vessel maturation.     

黄芪丹参配伍提取物经VEGF、Ang1／Tie2通路对MI大鼠血管新生的病理影响

为观察黄芪、丹参配伍提取物对心肌梗死大鼠VEGF（vascular endothelial growth factor）、血管生成素Ang1及其受体酪氨酸激酶Tie2信号通路的表达影响。通过心肌梗死大鼠模型复制成功后分为假手术对照组、模型组、黄芪、丹参配伍提取物低、中、高剂量组,分别予以对应药物灌胃4周。观察大鼠一般生活状态,并分别采用HE染色和免疫组织化学染色测试大鼠心肌组织病理形态结构和VEGF、Ang1、Tie2的蛋白表达。结果表明：模型组心肌结构紊乱伴有炎性侵润,VEGF、Ang1和Tie2蛋白表达较假手术对照组有所增加（P＜0.05）;低、中、高剂量组随着药物浓度梯度增加,心肌结构逐渐规整,内皮细胞完整、新生血管增多,与模型组比较差异显著（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。可见黄芪、丹参配伍提取物可以上调心肌梗死大鼠VEGF、Ang1和Tie2的表达,促进血管新生。     

丹酚酸B对骨髓间充质干细胞相关因子表达的影响

目的体外分离、培养和纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs),并研究中药单体丹酚酸B对MSCs血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、干细胞因子(SCF)、心肌特异性转录因子NKX2.5和GATA-4表达的影响。方法分别用含0.03、0.3、3、30μg/mL丹酚酸B的低糖DMEM培养液培养MSCs,RT-PCR法检测培养24h后,观察VEGF、SCF、NKX2.5和GATA-4mRNA的表达。结果丹酚酸B可明显促进VEGF、NKX2.5和GATA-4mRNA的表达(与空白对照组比较,P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论丹酚酸B可促进MSCs的VEGF的分泌及NKX2.5、GATA-4的表达,为进一步深入探讨其诱导分化打下了坚实的基础。     

依折麦布对高迁移率族蛋白1诱导血管内皮细胞激活的影响机制研究

目的探讨依折麦布对高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)诱导血管内皮细胞激活影响的分子机制.方法分离、培养雄性SD大鼠胸主动脉内皮细胞,分为空白对照组、HMGB1刺激组、依折麦布组(HMGB1刺激前10μmol/L依折麦布预处理)、CLI-095组(HMGB1刺激前1μmol/L CLI-095预处理).荧光定量分析中性粒细胞与内皮细胞的黏附能力;RT-PCR和Western blot检测内皮细胞中TLR4,ICAM-1、可溶性E选择素mRNA和蛋白表达水平;EMSA法检测NF-κb-p65的DNA结合活性.结果 HMGB1活化的内皮细胞与中性粒细胞黏附活力均明显高于空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);依折麦布组、CLI-095组内皮细胞与中性粒细胞黏附活力均明显低于HMGB1诱导组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).HMGB1刺激组的内皮细胞TLR4,mRNA和蛋白表达量明显高于空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);依折麦布组和CLI-095组mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显低于HMGB1组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).HMGB1组内皮细胞NF-κb p65亚单位核位移明显强于空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);依折麦布组和CLI-095组较HMGB1组核位移明显减弱,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).HMGB1组ICAM-1、可溶性E选择素表达水平明显高于空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).而经依折麦布、CLI-095干预后可明显降低ICAM-1、可溶性E选择素表达水平,与HMGB1组之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论依折麦布可通过调节黏附分子(ICAM-1、可溶性E选择素)的表达而有效抑制HMGB1诱导的血管内皮细胞活化效应,其机制与抑制TLR4的表达和NF-κb激活有关.     

Homoharringtonine induces apoptosis of endothelium and down－regulates VEGF expression of K562 cells

Homoharringtonine (HHT) has currently been used successfully in the treatment of acute and chronic myeloid leukemias and has been shown to induce apoptosis of different types of leukemic cells in vitro. Emerging evidence suggests that angiogenesis may play an important role in hematological malignancies, such as leukemia. However, whether HHT can relieve leukemia by anti-angiogenesis is still unknown. We investigated the anti-angiogenesis potential of HHT with the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV304) and leukemic cell line (K562) in vitro. Cellular proliferation was determined by MTT assay and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed by RT-PCR and VEGF protein production was detected by Western blot. Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by HHT were discovered in ECV304 cells, and appeared in a dose- and time-dependent manner, Also, treatment with HHT caused down-regulation of VEGF mRNA expression in K562 cells in similar dose- and time-dependent manner and inhibition of VEGF protein production in K562 cells in response to the enhancing concentration of HHT. The results demonstrated that HHT could also induce apoptosis in endothelium and down-regulate VEGF expression in K562 cells. In conclusion, we believe HHT has anti-angiogenesis potential and speculate that HHT might exert its anti-leukemia effects via reduction of angiogenesis.     

电刺激小脑顶核促脑缺血后血管内皮生长因子表达的意义

探讨电刺激小脑顶核(FNS)对局部脑缺血后血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达和毛细血管新生的影响．以线栓法制成大鼠右侧大脑中动脉梗塞模型(MCAO)，大鼠随机分为假手术对照组、MCAO组、电刺激小脑顶(MCAO FNS)干预组，以免疫组织化学法检测VEGF、内皮细胞阳性表达及毛细血管记数，大脑中动脉梗塞后，缺血区神经元变性、坏死，VEGF、内皮细胞在半暗带有少量表达，毛细血管数较对照组增加，经电刺激小脑顶核干预后，VEGF、内皮细胞大量表达，毛细血管数目明显增加，有统计学差异．电刺激小脑顶核可通过促VEGF表达、内皮细胞增殖，从而促进毛细血管新生。     

胃癌组织中环氧化酶-2和血管内皮生长因子-C、D、R3 mRNA表达的研究

目的:环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-C、D及其受体3(R3)与肿瘤关系密切.研究COX-2和VEGF-C、D、R3在胃癌中的表达,探讨其在胃癌淋巴管生成和转移中的作用及其相关性.方法:采用RT-PCR方法,对22例胃癌及癌旁组织手术标本中COX-2和VEGF-C、D、R3mRNA的表达进行半定量研究.结果:胃癌组织中COX-2和VEGF-C、VEGF-R3mRNA表达均高于相应的癌旁非癌组织(P<0.05),其中COX-2和VEGF-C在淋巴结转移组中的表达均高于非淋巴结转移组(P<0.05),且COX-2和VEGF-C mRNA表达间存在明显相关性(P<0.05).结论:胃癌组织中有COX-2和VEGF-C、D、R3的高表达,而COX-2可能参与VEGF-C、D和/或R3淋巴管生成通路,其表达可能在胃癌淋巴管浸润和转移过程中发挥着重要作用.     

A peptide fusion protein inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth by blocking VEGF binding to KDR

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to its tyrosine kinase receptors (KDR/FLK1, Flt-1) induces angiogenesis. In search of the peptides blocking VEGF binding to its receptor KDR/FLK1 to inhibit tumorangiogenesis and growth, we screened a phage display peptide library with KDR as target protein, and some candidate peptides were isolated. In this study, we cloned the DNA fragment coding the peptide K237 from the library, into a vector pQE42 to express fusion protein DHFR-K237 in E. coli M15. The affection of fusion protein DHFR-K237 on endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis was investigated. In vitro, DHFR-K237 could completely block VEGF binding to KDR and significantly inhibit the VEGF-mediated proliferation of the human vascular endothelial cells. In vivo, DHFR-K237 inhibited angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoric membrane and tumor growth in nude mice. These results suggest that K237 is an effective antagonist of VEGF binding to KDR, and could be a potential agent for cancer biotherapy.     

Mizolastine（MIZ）对趾叶炎小鼠趾部组织VEGF表达的影响

用组织化学和免疫组化的染色方法对趾叶炎发生过程中正常组、造模组和低、中、高剂量治疗组小鼠趾部组织血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平、血管数量和肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,造模组小鼠在免疫后14d,VEGF表达均达到一个峰值,而后表达开始减弱,21d后表达开始增强,均极显著高于同一时相的正常组（P〈0.01）.低、中、高剂量治疗组的VEGF表达均极显著低于同一时相造模组,其中,低剂量治疗组同一时相均极显著高于正常组（P〈0.01）,中剂量治疗组除免疫后前3个时相显著外（P〈0.05）,免疫后35d与正常组不显著（P〉0.05）,高剂量治疗组除免疫后14d显著外（P〈0.05）,其余各时相均与正常组不显著（P〉0.05）,治疗各组小鼠的VEGF表达水平随药物浓度的增大和免疫时间的延长而逐渐减弱;真皮内出现了许多增生的小动脉,管壁增厚,管腔内有血栓形成,且血管形成与肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的变化均与VEGF的表达趋势相吻合.Mizo-lastine（MIZ）可以显著抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒、VEGF的表达和血管形成.     

血管内皮生长因子与急性白血病骨髓的血管新生

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在急性白血病及其骨髓的新生血管之间的关系,为白血病的治疗寻找新的治疗方法。方法:查阅总结近15年来国内外相关文献,对VEGF的性质作用特点以及与急性白血病的关系进行综述。结果:白血病细胞表达较高的VEGF,VEGF促使血管生成和内皮细胞增生,白血病细胞与骨髓新生血管之间存在密切的关系。结论:抗VEGF和抗新生血管治疗有可能成为治疗急性白血病的新的思路和方法。     

Functions of VEGF in female reproductive system

As a homodimeric glycoprotein,vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is a highly specific mitogen of vascular endothelial cells.It can induce proliferation and migration,and inhibit apoptosis of endothelial cell.VEGF is involved in many processes in the female reproductive system,such as ovulation,periodical changes of endometrium,embryo implantation and development,VEGF plays important roles in some reproductive diseases,including preeclampsia and fetal hypoevolutism in uterus.Based on our studies on angiogenesis and its relevant factors in the female reproductive system these years,the functions of VEGF in female reproductive system are reviewed,and the research prospect and application of VEGF are also discussed.     

Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance.

Advanced malignancy in tumours represents the phenotypic endpoint of successive genetic lesions that affect the function and regulation of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. The established tumour is maintained through complex and poorly understood host-tumour interactions that guide processes such as angiogenesis and immune sequestration. The many different genetic alterations that accompany tumour genesis raise questions as to whether experimental cancer-promoting mutations remain relevant during tumour maintenance. Here we show that melanoma genesis and maintenance are strictly dependent upon expression of H-RasV12G in a doxycycline-inducible H-Ras12G mouse melanoma model null for the tumour suppressor INK4a. Withdrawal of doxycycline and H-RasV12G down-regulation resulted in clinical and histological regression of primary and explanted tumours. The initial stages of regression involved marked apoptosis in the tumour cells and host-derived endothelial cells. Although the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was found to be Ras-dependent in vitro, the failure of persistent endogenous and enforced VEGF expression to sustain tumour viability indicates that the tumour-maintaining actions of activated Ras extend beyond the regulation of VEGF expression in vivo. Our results provide genetic evidence that H-RasV12G is important in both the genesis and maintenance of solid tumours.     

Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor on angiogenesis of the endothelial cells isolated from cavernous malformations

Human cerebral cavernous malformation （CM） is a common vascular malformation of the central nervous system. We have investigated the biological characteristics of CM endothelial cells and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CM angiogenesis to offer new insights into exploring effective measures for treatment of this disease. The endothelial cells were isolated from CM tissue masses dissected during operation and expanded in vitro. Expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 was examined with immunocytochemical staining. Proliferation, migration and tube formation of CM endothelial cells were determined using MTT, wounding and transmigration assays, and three-dimensional collagen type I gel respectively. The endothelial cells were successfully isolated from the tissue specimens of 25 CMs dissected without dipolar electrocoagulation. The cells show the general characteristics of the vascular endothelial cells. Expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 on the cells is higher than that on the normal cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. After treatment with VEGF, numbers of the proliferated and migrated cells, the maximal distance of cell migration and the length and area of capillary-like structures formed in the three-dimensional collagen gel increase significantly. These results demonstrate that expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 on CM endothelial cells is up-regulated. By binding to receptors, VEGF may activate the downstream signaling pathways and promote proliferation, migration and tube formation of CM endothelial cells. VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathways play important regulating roles in CM angiogenesis.     

Identification of an angiogenic mitogen selective for endocrine gland endothelium

The known endothelial mitogens stimulate growth of vascular endothelial cells without regard to their tissue of origin. Here we report a growth factor that is expressed largely in one type of tissue and acts selectively on one type of endothelium. This molecule, called endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF), induced proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. However, EG-VEGF had little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types tested. Similar to VEGF, EG-VEGF possesses a HIF-1 binding site, and its expression is induced by hypoxia. Both EG-VEGF and VEGF resulted in extensive angiogenesis and cyst formation when delivered in the ovary. However, unlike VEGF, EG-VEGF failed to promote angiogenesis in the cornea or skeletal muscle. Expression of human EG-VEGF messenger RNA is restricted to the steroidogenic glands, ovary, testis, adrenal and placenta and is often complementary to the expression of VEGF, suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner. EG-VEGF is an example of a class of highly specific mitogens that act to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the vascular endothelium in a tissue-specific manner.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat uterus during peri-implantation

The first distinct mark of rodent implantation is the increased vascular permeability and significant angiogenesis at the sites of blastocyst implantation, but its mechanism is not clearly defined. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the key mediator for angiogenesis during embryogenesis and adult span and also serves as a vascular permeability factor. The aim of this study is to explore VEGF regulation mechanism and the possible role that VEGF plays in implantation by studying the VEGF expression and angiogenesis in the rat uterus during estrous cycle, ovarioectomized and peri-implantation stages usingin situ message RNA hybridization and confocal laser scanning techniques. The results indicated that VEGF was regulated by ovarian steroid hormones. VEGF expression before implantation was localized at luminal epithelium, shifted to stroma as implantation initiated and extensively located at the decidualizing stroma region after implantation. Bandeiraea simplicifolia-1 (BS-1) agglutinin and antibody against von Willebrand factor (vWF) were used to mark the endothelial cells and blood vessels. The results showed that the active angiogenesis occurred during the implantation process and this effect was probably mediated by VEGF. The results suggest that under the regulation of ovarian steroid hormones, VEGF plays an essential role in angiogenesis and increasing vascular permeability in endometrium, which are necessary for successful implantation.     

A vascular niche and a VEGF-Nrp1 loop regulate the initiation and stemness of skin tumours

Angiogenesis is critical during tumour initiation and malignant progression. Different strategies aimed at blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors have been developed to inhibit angiogenesis in cancer patients. It has become increasingly clear that in addition to its effect on angiogenesis, other mechanisms including a direct effect of VEGF on tumour cells may account for the efficiency of VEGF-blockade therapies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been described in various cancers including squamous tumours of the skin. Here we use a mouse model of skin tumours to investigate the impact of the vascular niche and VEGF signalling on controlling the stemness (the ability to self renew and differentiate) of squamous skin tumours during the early stages of tumour progression. We show that CSCs of skin papillomas are localized in a perivascular niche, in the immediate vicinity of endothelial cells. Furthermore, blocking VEGFR2 caused tumour regression not only by decreasing the microvascular density, but also by reducing CSC pool size and impairing CSC renewal properties. Conditional deletion of Vegfa in tumour epithelial cells caused tumours to regress, whereas VEGF overexpression by tumour epithelial cells accelerated tumour growth. In addition to its well-known effect on angiogenesis, VEGF affected skin tumour growth by promoting cancer stemness and symmetric CSC division, leading to CSC expansion. Moreover, deletion of neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a VEGF co-receptor expressed in cutaneous CSCs, blocked VEGF's ability to promote cancer stemness and renewal. Our results identify a dual role for tumour-cell-derived VEGF in promoting cancer stemness: by stimulating angiogenesis in a paracrine manner, VEGF creates a perivascular niche for CSCs, and by directly affecting CSCs through Nrp1 in an autocrine loop, VEGF stimulates cancer stemness and renewal. Finally, deletion of Nrp1 in normal epidermis prevents skin tumour initiation. These results may have important implications for the prevention and treatment of skin cancers.     

血管生成抑制素对体外培养的血管内皮细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

为研究血管生成抑制素对体外培养的血管内皮细胞生长的影响,采用MTT法观察细胞的增殖情况,利用Hoest染色和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果发现血管生成抑制素能够抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖,其IC50为1.19 mg/L,并干扰内皮细胞的周期,出现G0/G1期阻滞。     

Up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase BM3F87V

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), have been suggested to be an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). However, the interaction or relation between EDHF and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is still to be elucidated. In the present study, the regulation of eNOS by endogenous EDHF is examined. The cytochrome P450 epoxygenase BM3F87V is cloned into the mammalian expression vector pCB6. Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) less than 4 passages are used and transfected with BM3F87V. The effects of endogenous EETs result from BM3F87V transfection on eNOS are assessed in the endothelial cells by Western blot and Northern blot, and eNOS activity is also measured by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Compared to transfection with the empty pCB6 vector, transfection of BAECs with BM3F87V significantly elevates the levels of eNOS protein expression, which is markedly inhibited by treatment with CYP inhibitor 17-ODYA. BM3F87V transfection also elevates the eNOS mRNA level and increases the eNOS activity. This study suggests that EDHF up-regulates eNOS gene expression.     

Pathophysiological consequences of VEGF-induced vascular permeability

Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis, it also disrupts vascular barrier function in diseased tissues. Accordingly, VEGF expression in cancer and ischaemic disease has unexpected pathophysiological consequences. By uncoupling endothelial cell-cell junctions VEGF causes vascular permeability and oedema, resulting in extensive injury to ischaemic tissues after stroke or myocardial infarction. In cancer, VEGF-mediated disruption of the vascular barrier may potentiate tumour cell extravasation, leading to widespread metastatic disease. Therefore, by blocking the vascular permeability promoting effects of VEGF it may be feasible to reduce tissue injury after ischaemic disease and minimize the invasive properties of circulating tumour cells.