制冷系统蒸发器上微生物污染的检测及控制

冷冻冷藏食品的安全性问题越来越受到关注.文章对冷藏库中的蒸发器表面以及蒸发器附近的融霜水盘、墙面等处进行微生物的检测,利用HACCP的原理和方法,建立控制方法.为冷冻食品贮藏过程的卫生安全管理提供理论依据.     

某船冰库热冲融霜方法探讨

冰库对延长食品保质期,保正食品的质量和卫生起着关键的作用。在实际工作中,某科考船库门开关频繁,使冰库内蒸发器结霜普遍较为严重,极大地降底了冰库内冷交换的效率,造成了冰机长时间工作,并使库温达不到要求。在保证冰机正常工作的前提下,掌握融霜方法,正确实施融霜,是提高冰机效率,保证库温的重要手段。该文介绍了冰库融霜的概念、原理,分析了对冰库及时融霜的必要性,叙述了常用的冰库融霜方法,并结合某船实际,从准备工作、开始融霜、注意事项、融霜结束后系统操作等方面重点对热冲融霜进行了详细的分析。对冰库融霜以及冰机运行中的管理具有一定的参考意义。     

食品冷库除霜方法及其能耗分析

分析比较了食品冷库制冷系统几种蒸发器除霜方法的优缺点、能耗情况及其适用场合，同时给出了热气融霜方法的热气流量计算公式，修正了热气融霜方法中排液桶的容积计算公式。     

飞机地面空调机组的融霜设计

本文从系统设计、电气控制两个方面介绍飞机地面空调机组的融霜设计原理,并通过试验对比分析融霜设计对飞机地面空调机组性能的影响。试验结果表明,合理的融霜设计是飞机地面空调机组高效、节能、可靠运行的重要环节,是飞机地面空调机组低温、稳定送风的重要保证。     

冷库废冷利用探析

论述了冷库融霜或融冰中排掉的融霜水或融冰水(“废冷”)以及合理回收利用的价值.用融霜水和融冰水作为过冷介质对进入冷凝器中的制冷剂过冷,升温后的水还可以作为冷却水系统的循环补充水,从而提高制冷系统的运行效率.对减少冷库能源消耗,降低运行成本具有一定的指导意义.     

疏水性铝翅片表面的结霜/融霜特性

为了揭示疏水性铝翅片表面特性对结霜/融霜过程的影响规律,构建翅片结霜/融霜实验平台,制备接触角为90°~160°的4组疏水性铝翅片,并对其表面的结霜/融霜特性进行研究。研究结果表明:翅片表面的接触角越大,凝结液滴越晚出现,抗凝结作用越明显。4组翅片表面霜晶形态相似,但霜层高度区别明显,接触角越大,霜层越薄,抑霜效果越好。翅片表面的接触角和接触角滞后对凝结液滴及融霜滞留液滴的形状、尺寸和分布密度具有重要影响。此外,疏水性强的翅片,表面融霜过程快且滞留水少,接触角为160°的表面其滞留水比接触角为98°的表面减少79.82%。因此,采用疏水性强的翅片,有利于减少蒸发滞留水耗热量和时间,从而提高热泵除霜效率。     

制冷装置除霜方法的研究

研究了结霜对制冷装置运行的影响,衬论了一种新的贮液融霜的方法,即采用贮液器内高压液体瞬间降压产生的饱和气体进行除霜．该方法通过实验证明是可行的．     

制冷系统蒸发器结霜特性数值模拟

为了深入分析制冷空调系统运行性能和合理确定融霜周期,需要研究蒸发器表面的结霜过程和霜层厚度的变化过程.根据传热传质过程基本理论和相关的经验公式,建立了蒸发器外表面水蒸汽传质及霜层生长过程数学模型,对某类翅片管式蒸发器外表面结霜过程及霜层厚度变化过程进行了数值模拟,并分析了外界参数变化对结霜厚度的影响.     

-60℃水平圆管表面结霜特性的实验研究

为了探索在-60℃以下较低温区冷表面的结霜特性,设计并搭建了基于复叠制冷系统的-60℃水平圆管表面结霜特性可视化实验台,并对套管形式换热器内水平圆管外表面上湿空气顺掠管的结霜特性进行了实验研究,着重分析了结霜过程中霜层厚度及其增长速率的特性。实验结果表明:-60℃水平圆管表面霜层厚度生长速率比常温区冷表面更快,约为-15℃冷表面的两倍,同时又保持了与-15℃以上冷表面相似的生长趋势,即前期生长速率较快,然后逐渐降低。此外,还发现并分析了呈周期性出现的融霜现象和大幅突降的霜层崩塌回融两种不同特征的融霜过程。初步探索了受限通道内-60℃水平圆管表面的结霜特性,丰富了霜层特性研究数据,可为今后更加全面系统的实验研究奠定基础。     

制冷装置除霜方法的研究

研究了结霜对制冷装置运行的影响,讨论了一种新的贮液融霜的方法,即采用贮液器内高压液体瞬间降压产生的饱和气体进行除霜．该方法通过实验证明是可行的．制冷装置除霜方法的研究@陈汝东@许东晟     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with