云南箭竹地上部分生物量模型研究

对云南省永仁县白马河林场云南箭竹(Fargesia yunnanensis)秆、枝和叶片含水量及生物量进行了调查。结果表明：云南箭竹叶片的含水率最高,秆的最低;在地上部分各器官的生物量分配中,秆所占比例最大,可达60.31%~65.34%,枝次之(19.28%~21.87%),叶(15.11%~1782%)所占比例最少。通过回归分析探讨了云南箭竹各变量的相关性,并对其各器官的生物量及秆高与胸径和地径进行模型拟合。其中秆、枝和叶的生物量与胸径的拟合方程分别是：WC=0.318D1.753,WB=0.135D1.412,WL=0.140D1.216。应用上述相关数学模型估算不同地理种源云南箭竹各器官生物量。通过对胸径、地径和生物量的比较,认为鸡足山的云南箭竹长势最好。     

阿尔泰山林区云杉和落叶松生物量分配格局研究

【目的】为了分析阿尔泰山地针叶主要树种生物量分配格局,【方法】基于2012、2013年研究区西伯利亚云杉(Picea obovata)和西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)实测样木,从年龄、径阶、林分郁闭度等角度,分析树木各组分器官生物量比例变化规律。【结果】两树种树干占整株树木地上生物量比例分别为48.1%、61.9%; 云杉枝、叶占地上生物量比例均高于西伯利亚落叶松; 两树种地上总生物量占整株生物量比例分别为79.8%和79.5%,平均根冠比为0.268和0.270。西伯利亚云杉树干生物量随径阶增大而提高,树叶和树根生物量随径阶增大而降低,树枝生物量随径阶变化幅度较小。西伯利亚落叶松树干生物量随径阶增大而提高,但在30 cm以上径阶比例稍有降低,树枝、树叶生物量与树干生物量呈相反变化趋势。两树种树干生物量均随年龄增加而提高,树枝、树叶生物量随年龄增加而降低。西伯利亚云杉树根生物量随年龄增加而降低,西伯利亚落叶松树根生物量随年龄增加呈先降后增的趋势。西伯利亚云杉树干生物量随郁闭度增加而提高,树枝、树叶和树根生物量随郁闭度增加而降低。西伯利亚落叶松总体上随郁闭度增加树干生物量呈先降后升趋势,树枝和树根生物量变化趋势与树干相反,树叶生物量随郁闭度增加而降低,但变化幅度很小。【结论】西伯利亚云杉和落叶松各组织器官生物量比例均呈现树干＞树根＞树枝＞树叶的趋势。随径阶、年龄、郁闭度增大,西伯利亚云杉树干生物量所占比例逐渐提高,树叶比例则逐渐降低,树枝与树根生物量此消彼长。西伯利亚落叶松各器官生物量所占比例在不同径阶、年龄和郁闭度条件下虽有变化,但幅度不大,总体趋势不变。     

斑苦竹无性系种群的数量统计

应用生命表和生存曲线对缙云山斑苦竹无性系种群的数量进行统计分析，结果表明，①斑苦竹竹笋－幼竹无性系种群的生存曲线介于Ｂ型与Ｃ型之间，是一条较为平缓的凹形曲线，其死亡率为４０％，②斑苦竹无性系种群的年龄结构比较稳定，但已表现出轻度的衰退迹象。③生存曲线呈波状曲折的Ｃ型，各龄级竹子构件的死亡率不同，幼龄和老龄竹死亡率较中龄竹子大．     

斑苦竹无性系种群能量结构研究

引用Ｈａｒｐｅｒ（１９７７）的构件结构理论，将四川缙云山的斑苦竹分为构件、分株和无性系种群三个层次，分别研究了它们的能量结构特征，结果表明：斑苦竹各构件单位的平均能值为枝（１８．１７８ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＷ）＞秆（１７．９６９ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＷ）＞叶（１７．５８３ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＷ）＞根茎（１７．５０５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＷ）＞（１７．３７１ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＷ）＞根１５．３８０ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＷ）；无性系分株的平均能值随着年龄级     

早春类短命植物生物量研究(Ⅲ) ——顶冰花生物量特征及模型构建

以早春类短命植物顶冰花为研究对象,采用全收获法对其生物量进行统计.结果表明:顶冰花的单株生物量平均为0.316 2 g,地下部分较地上部分平均高出37.92%.随着叶长的增大,叶生物量、果生物量、总生物量、地上生物量与地下生物量均显著增加,而花生物量显著减小.有性生殖生长与植株个体大小的关系密切,占总生物量的5.47%~19.42%,平均为11.92%;占营养器官的比例平均为14.41%,表现出随叶长的增大呈先增加后下降再增加的变化趋势.根冠比介于0.93~1.86,平均为1.33,随叶长的增大呈单峰型变化.整体来看,顶冰花的生物量有随生长发育由地上生长转为地下生长,再由地下生长转为地上为主的变化和从营养生长逐渐转向有性生殖的趋势.以叶长为自变量拟合顶冰花地上、地下和全株的4种生物量估测模型,除地下生物量的指数模型外,拟合和验证结果均达到相关建模的精度要求.     

带状采伐对毛竹地上生物量分配及异速生长的影响

【目的】 毛竹林带状采伐可实现竹林机械化经营,研究不同采伐宽度毛竹立竹生物量分配及其异速生长,为毛竹林带状采伐经营提供科学依据。【方法】 2019年12月模拟机械采伐对不同宽度条带内的毛竹林实施全林皆伐,2020年8月统计试验毛竹林不同采伐宽度带(0、3、9、15 m)内新竹数量、胸径、枝下高和竹高。调查新竹枝、叶、秆生物量,分析伐后新竹地上构件生物量分配特征及其异速生长关系。【结果】 随着带状采伐宽度的增加,新竹数量先增加后减少,9 m采伐宽度带新竹数量最多,新竹竹高降低,胸径减小,枝下高及相对枝下高降低,立竹鲜枝质量、鲜叶质量、鲜秆质量及总生物量均显著降低。带状采伐可以提高立竹出叶强度、相对竹高,尤其增加叶分配占比和叶相对生物量。带状采伐未改变立竹秆-总生物量的等速生长关系,但对枝-总生物量、叶-总生物量相对生长速率产生显著影响,由异速生长关系转变为等速生长关系。【结论】 带状采伐致使毛竹通过生理整合作用权衡各构件资源分配关系,改变其异速生长关系,诱发新竹形态可塑性变化,9 m采伐宽度的新竹数量达到最大值。     

过路黄克隆生长对光照强度的反应

利用遮阳网产生光照梯度，以研究光照强度对克隆植物过路黄(Lysimachia christinae)形态特征和生物量分配的影响．结果表明：1)匍匐茎节间长度随光照强度的减弱而增大，遮荫明显增加过路黄的分枝角度，分枝强度没有对光强发生显著反应．遮荫使叶柄变长，而根长则变短．2)随光照强度的减弱，叶柄生物量逐渐增大；遮荫降低了叶生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根生物量比和地下生物量／地上生物量．3)在遮荫条件下，一级匍匐茎基部分株的叶生物量和分株总生物量显著大于顶部分株，而根冠比则相反．根的生物量在各分株间无显著差异．在不遮荫条件下，仅匍匐茎基部分株的叶生物量大于顶部分株，其它的生物量指标在各分株间无显著差异．在分株水平，分株的根冠比不受光强的影响．总之，过路黄的克隆生长在基株和分株水平都对光强作出了明显的反应，而且这种反应具有等级性．     

神农箭竹更新苗生物量龄级分配模型

神农箭竹(Fargesia murielae (Gamble) Yi)原产于我国神农架地区,1996-2000年,神农箭竹相继开花死亡,现有更新苗由种子繁殖而成,现正处于南实生苗向克隆种群过渡阶段,研究这一过程中生物量在不同龄级克隆体之间的分配,对于提示从生竹类的觅养过程中的生态关系十分重要.研究结果显示神农箭竹更新苗地上部生物量在各龄级中的分配符合指数函数回归方程Y=5.7319 e0.2054x(R2 =0.9833),且各无性系构件因子之间均存在显著相关关系,其中各器官生物量与胸径的拟合模型均达到显著水平;地上部分干重与胸径的最优拟合模型为一元幂函数模型,方程式为W=2.029×D1.674;秆重与胸径的最优拟合模型为指数模型,方程式为W=0.133×e1.202D.     

水杉人工林生物量及其制浆性能的研究

研究了水杉人工林３种密度林分的地上部分生物量、干物质分配模式、制浆性能和工艺成熟龄。结果表明：（１）不同密度的水杉人工林，其地上部分生物量存在较大差异。１０年生前，３种密度林分的生物量生产为２５００株·ｈｍ－２＞１２５０株·ｈｍ－２＞６２５株·ｈｍ－２；１０～１４年间为２５００株·ｈｍ－２＞６２５株·ｈｍ－２＞１２５０株·ｈｍ－２。（２）林分村干生物量所占的比例随林龄的增大而递增，枝、叶所占的比例则随林龄的增大而降低。１４年生时，３种密度林分树干、枝、叶生物量所占比例分别在６５．８８％～７０．２％，２３．３％～２４．８％和６．６％～９．４％之间。（３）林龄和密度显著影响林分的净平均生产量。１４年生３种密度林分的地上部分年均净生产量分别为５２４０．４ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２、４６１３．３ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２和６０５８．７ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２。（４）水杉的纤维素含量为４７．５％左右，平均纤维长为３．１７５ｍｍ，是一种高级造纸原料。（５）不同密度的水杉人工林，工艺成熟龄存在差异，６２５株·ｈｍ－２、１２５０株·ｈｍ－２和２５００株·ｈｍ－２林分分别约在２５～２８年、２１～２４年及１７～２０年之间。     

佛坪自然保护区巴山木竹种群地上生物量及其回归模型

为探讨巴山木竹地上部分生物量及其分配规律,以深入理解秦岭山系大熊猫对巴山木竹的觅食对策和环境承载力,于2008年11月到2009年4月通过设置样方对陕西佛坪自然保护区三官庙保护站管护范围内巴山木竹的生物量进行了调查.结果表明随着龄级增长,巴山木竹地上生物量呈增长趋势,各器官生物量所占比例大小依次为：茎＞枝＞叶.在海拔梯度上,以1600-1800m巴山木竹地上生物量最大.通过回归分析显示,巴山木竹竹叶生物量可以通过竹株基茎以幂函数进行较好地拟合.上述研究结果表明,为保护好研究区域内大熊猫的冬居地,应有效控制海拔1600-1800m落叶阔叶和针阔混交林中的人为活动.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with