Secondary biogenic coalbed gas in some coal fields of China

The secondary biogenic coalbed gas, a new genetic and energy source type of coalbed gas in China, has been found in Xinji, Liyazhuang and Enhong areas. The essential characteristics of this type of gas are: (i) the major component of the gas is methane, with C1/C1-5 value higher than 0.99, indicating that the gas is part of dry gas; (ii) theδ13C1 value is in the range of -61.7‰to -47.9‰, mostly lower than -55‰, which is much lower than the estimatedδ13C1 value of thermogenic methane according to the thermal evolution degree of the coal rocks (with R0 value from 0.87% to 1.43%), showing the characteristics of the secondary biogenic gas; (iii) theδ5D value of methane ranges from -244‰to -196‰; (iv)δ13C 2 value ranges from -26.7‰to -15.9‰andδ13C 3 value ranges from -10.8‰to -25.3‰, indicating that the heavier hydrocarbons have a thermogenic origin; (v) the content of CO2 is very low, andδ13CCO2 value changes greatly, reflecting a characteristic of secondary change; (vi)δ15N2 value ranges mainly from -1‰to +1‰, indicating N2 derived significantly from air. The negative linear correlation between the contents of N2 and CH4 reflects the activity of bacteria bearing surface water infiltrating into coal beds. The comprehensive tracing indices show that the coalbed gas in the studied areas is the mixed gas of primarily secondary biogenic gas and a part of remnant thermogenic gas. The uplift of coal beds and the development of faults in the studied areas create favorable conditions for the formation of the secondary biogenic gas.     

鄂尔多斯盆地神府地区含煤层气系统特征

为指导神府地区上古生界煤系天然气共探合采,综合应用岩心、测井及生产动态等资料,对煤层气及煤系砂岩气成藏地质条件展开系统研究,划分含煤层气系统并分析其成藏模式。结果表明:神府地区稳定的构造背景和优越的沉积环境为煤系天然气成藏奠定了良好的源-储-盖条件。受区域性低渗透泥质岩层阻隔,区内上古生界煤系地层可划分为8+9~#煤-本1段、太2段砂岩下含煤层气系统和4+5~#煤-太1段、山2段砂岩上含煤层气系统2套叠置含煤层气系统,西部深陷带中南部是含煤层气系统内煤层气与煤系砂岩气的合采有利区。     

新疆准南煤田乌鲁木齐矿区煤层气储层特征

准南煤田乌鲁木齐矿区早一中侏罗纪富煤带,件、储层特征、资源量、煤层气保存条件的专门研究,通过实际打样测试,对该区煤储层的含气性、吸附性、探开发的储层条件。聚集着丰富的煤层气资源,笔者通过对该区煤层气赋存的地质条评价出了有利区块,为下一步煤层气勘探提供了依据。本文主要孔隙结构、渗透性等进行了系统研究,探讨本区煤层气有利于勘     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷浅层生物气成藏模式分析

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系浅层生物气一直被认为完全是由第四系腐殖型有机质生成的.最新研究结果表明:(1)第四系生物气藏探明储量与源岩条件之间不匹配;(2)高分辨率地震剖面特征表明三湖坳陷气田区域第四系发育了大量的气烟囱;(3)生物气组分特征表明有热成因气混入的可能性;(4)乙烷等重烃气碳同位素特征表明三湖坳陷第四系气藏有腐泥型生物气混入;(5)三湖坳陷上第三系狮子沟组发育偏腐泥型有机质.笔者认为第四系浅层生物气藏的形成机理比较复杂,包括“下生上储”和“自生自储”两种模式,第四系的浅生物气由上第三系狮子沟组生物气与第四系生物气混合而成.     

沁水盆地南部地区砂体与煤层空间叠置特征及其在煤层气和致密气合采开发中的意义

以沁水盆地南部煤层气和致密气共探合采研究区为例,详细解剖煤系地层砂体发育特征及其与煤层空间叠置关系,并探讨其对煤层气与致密气合采开发的影响。研究结果表明,煤系地层砂体成因类型丰富,砂体规模和形态特征各异。砂体结构特征主要受沉积相演化控制,形成五种主要空间叠置类型：孤立分散型、水平搭接型、垂向叠置型、错位叠置型和水平-错位复合叠置型。在沉积作用控制下,不同成因类型砂体与煤层可以形成多种空间叠置组合模式。砂体含气饱和度和压力及煤层含气量、物性和压力均受到两者空间叠置关系的显著影响。加强该方面研究,将对两气合采可行性评估及合采产气量预测具有重要意义。     

The influence of tectonic evolution on the accumulation and enrichment of coalbed methane (CBM)

The current accumulation and enrichment of CBM reservoir is a result of the preservation and destruction of former CBM, after the superposing evolution of reversing-and-uplifting and the subsequent evolution within the coal-bearing basin. The critical moment of the CBM reservoir formation is the time when the burying depth of the overlying net thickness amounts to the least in geological history after the gas generation of coal beds. Except the coal-bearing basins of lower metamorphism, most basins suffered the evolution stage of reversion and uplift. The formation of the CBM reservoir is controlled by the beginning and lasting time, and the intensity of reversing and uplifting. The tectonic evolution after reversing and uplifting also affects the accumulation of CBM in coal-bearing basin. The CBM constantly dissipates in the area of chronically uplifting and de-nudating. The area developed overlying sedimentation is advantageous to the preservation of CBM, but also can lead to the reduction of CBM saturation.     

Division and formation mechanism of coalbed methane reservoir in Huainan Coalfield,Anhui Province,China

The coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir is the basic geological unit of CBM storing and CBM resource developing. The forming conditions of the CBM reservoir include coal thickness, coal rank, seam buried depth, caprock, and geological structure. The division of a CBM reservoir in the Huainan coalfield is mainly based on the geological structure form and seam buried depth. According to the Fufeng nappe and the secondary structures of Huainan syn-clinorium, seven CBM reservoirs are divided in the Huainan Coalfield, such as Caijiagang, and the dynamic mechanism of CBM forming is analyzed. The structural position where the CBM reservoir is located has the important controlling role on the features of CBM reservoir.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

神狐深水海域天然气水合物成藏的气源条件

为深入分析南海北部神狐深水海域天然气水合物形成的气源控制因素,以神狐海域天然气水合物调查区为重
点研究对象,在基础调查资料和相关钻探成果的综合研究基础上,全面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的气源供给
条件。研究结果表明：（1）神狐海域浅层400～1 200 m 以内具备良好的适合微生物成因甲烷气体生成条件,生物气生
气潜力巨大;（2）深部古近系文昌组湖相和恩平组煤系两套成熟烃源岩,亦以生气为主,能够提供一定数量的热解气
补充之;（3）深部成熟热解气通过纵向断层或底辟通道垂向运移至浅层海底,在浅部与微生物气一起侧向运移至天然
气水合物稳定域内形成混合型天然气水合物藏。     

川西中段山前带雷口坡组气藏形成条件及过程

利用探井和地球物理资料,系统分析川西中段彭州气田钻探成果和中三叠统雷口坡组天然气成藏特征。川西中段深层有优质的下寒武统烃源岩,雷口坡组微生物型储集层沿山前带呈北西向展布,晚期发育的沟源断层形成的输导体系,早于断层形成的圈闭体系,具备形成大气田的基本条件。川西中段雷口坡组气藏为次生气藏,其天然气来源于下伏古气藏及烃源岩,深层的天然气通过断层向上运移聚集。川西中段雷口坡组的成藏特点为:(1)深层古油气藏发育;(2)微生物储层发育;(3)沟源断层晚期发育;(4)地震促使断层活化;(5)天然气跨层运移成藏。除雷口坡组外,深层应该还存在残余的古气藏,可能赋存的层位为二叠系和震旦系。     

Comprehensive study on genetic pathways and parent materialsof secondary biogenic gas in coalbeds

The types of substances in coal rock used by microbes,the specific ways in which microbes produce secondary biogenic gas(SBG)and whether substances exist in the coal seam for the formation of a large amount of SBG are important basic scientific issues.This paper conducts a systematic and comprehensive research study on the above issues using methods such as the isotopic tracing of gas,the analysis of coal organic geochemistry,and gas-producing simulation experiments of coal.Results show that the formation of SBG is by the microbial reduction of CO2and the SBG-producing coal seam undergoes microbial degradation.The thermogenic heavy gaseous hydrocarbons have also been degraded by microorganisms and possibly transformed into microbialoriginated CO2.A large amount of CO2,a relatively large amount of H2and a certain amount of heavy gaseous hydrocarbons may form in the thermal evolution of coal.These substances and the microbial-originated CO2and coal seam water can finally become parent materials of SBG.These components are rich in coal seams of medium–low thermal evolution,which should be the main coal seams for SBG formation and exploration.     

Influence of overpressure on coalbed methane reservoir in south Qinshui basin

In theory, from the high temperature and pressure during the coal generating gas to the present low temperature and pressure of coalbed methane reservoir, the accumulation of coalbed methane was from oversaturated to undersaturated. The gas content of the coalbed methane reservoir in the south Qinshui basin was 12-35.7 m3/t. According to the isotherm and measured gas content of No. 3 coal, the adsorbed gas content in some wells was highly saturated and oversaturated, which was hard to theoretically understand. In addition, there were no thermogenic and biogenic gases at the late stage in the south Qinshui basin. This article proposed that the overpressure was the main reason for the present high saturation of the coalbed methane reservoir. In early Cretaceous, the coalbed methane reservoir was characterized by overpressure and high saturation caused by gas generation from coal measure source rocks. In late Cretaceous, the coalbed methane reservoir was rapidly uplifted, and with the temperature and pressure decreasing, the pressure condition of adsorbed gas changed from overpressure to normal-under pressure, which resulted in the high saturation and gas content in the present coalbed methane reservoir.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

注入增产法提高煤层气采收率的理论探讨

美国Amoco公司开发的注入增产法是一项很有前途的提高煤层气采收率的方法,为此笔者在研究煤对二元气体吸附特征的基础上,探讨了注入增产法的基本原理。结果表明,煤对常见气体的吸附能力由强到弱为：二氧化碳、甲烷、氮气、氢气;煤对二元混合气体总的吸附及对甲烷的吸附均符合Langmiur方程,但在ＣＨ４＋Ｈ２或ＣＨ４＋Ｎ２的吸附系统中,对Ｈ２或Ｎ２吸附时吸附量与压力之间不遵从此关系式,而在ＣＨ４＋ＣＯ２吸附系统中,煤对ＣＯ２的吸附量和压力之间的关系仍可用Langmuir方程定量描述;注入增产法提高煤层瓦斯抽放率是通过注入其它气体使煤对甲烷的吸附量减小来实现的,且注入Ｎ２优于ＣＯ２。     

冷水江矿区测水组含煤段成因地层分析及聚煤规律

以冷水江矿区测水组含煤段为研究对象,利用成因地层分析方法,将其划分为三个生长层序,它们分别代表障壁岛－泻湖－潮坪体系的填积－进积－退积过程,讨论了它们的沉积环境特征及其演化过程,最后总结出聚煤规律和聚煤模式．图７,表１,参２．     

东濮凹陷天然气分布成因及富集因素

东濮凹陷天然气资源非常丰富,纵向上主要集中在盐下沙三~4、沙四及盐间沙二下、沙三~1、沙三~3段;平面上则主要分布在凹陷北部中央隆起带上。现已探明的天然气,从化学组成上看有干气、湿气、凝折气;从成因上分析有油型气、煤系气及两者相互掺合的混合气。下第三系和石炭二迭系是两套主要生气源岩。由于早第三纪凹陷快速沉降,使下伏石炭二迭纪煤系进入二次生气期,同时使下第三系生油气岩系相当一部分进入高成熟生气阶段,形成丰富的气源。其上又有分布广、厚度大的膏盐作为良好的盖层,天然气不易散失,故导致凹陷中天然气的富集。     

长岭断陷南部地区断陷层油气成藏机制及勘探潜力

利用天然气组成、轻烃指纹、碳同位素和生物标志化合物以及储层流体包裹体等地球化学特征,结合地质条件以及生烃史-热史模拟研究长岭断陷南部的龙凤山地区油气成因及成藏过程,揭示其油气成藏机制。结果表明:龙凤山地区断陷层天然气属于腐殖型和腐泥型的混合气,且为裂解气和干酪根热降解气组成的混合气,油气源主要为本地的沙河子组烃源岩,原油成熟度低于天然气,为同一油源不同热演化阶段的产物,属于次生凝析气藏,成藏表现为"近源多向供烃,复合输导,早期干酪根热降解成气与晚期原油裂解成气"的多期成藏模式;长岭南部地区发育优质烃源岩、营城组末期形成的反转构造提供了圈闭条件,具备较好油气输导条件、存在多期油气充注,油气勘探潜力大。     

济阳坳陷煤系构造-热演化史对煤成气的影响

济阳坳陷古生界煤系地层发育,具备形成煤成气藏的条件。通过分析该区煤系地层构造一热演化史对煤成气生成、聚集的影响,指出二次生烃对煤成气的生成具有重要作用,并依据地层构造史划分煤成气成藏模式,探索成藏规律,为煤成气勘探指明方向。     

淮南地区地震和煤与瓦斯突出相关性研究

研究了区内地质构造的特点，利用地质动力区划理论解释了淮南地区地震和煤与瓦斯突出现象的成因：分析了大量地震和煤与瓦斯突出数据，以及区内地震和煤与瓦斯突出的分布特征，结果表明二者具有同步性和重叠性；地震所反应的应力场变化符合区内、煤与瓦斯突出的动力源特征以及二者在时空分布上存在相关性，为预测矿井动力现象发生的危险区域提供了宏观上的指导。     

地质动力区划在煤与瓦斯突出研究中的应用

针对煤与瓦斯突出是矿井动力现象中的一种,它的破坏性给矿井生产和矿工的生命安全带来极大的危害,文中介绍了地质动力区划方法的基本原理及其在研究活动构造方面的新见解,利用此方法研究淮南煤田活动构造对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,指出了谢一矿和潘一矿所处的构造环境及其突出危险区,为区域预测和实施解危措施提出了可信的依据.