Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系“三元”主控成藏规律

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系烃源岩、储集层及天然气展布规律的研究,探讨其天然气成藏规律。奥陶系烃源岩主要分布在上统乌拉力克组和拉什仲组,以海相泥岩为主;储层主要发育在中统克里摩里组和桌子山组,依据岩石类型、孔隙结构,可分为岩溶孔洞型储层和白云岩晶间溶孔型储层;天然气藏的形成受烃源岩、储层和圈闭的"三元"主控,具有有效烃源岩控制天然气区域分布、优质储层控制天然气聚集带展布、有效圈闭控制气藏分布特征。鄂尔多斯盆地西北部的西侧气藏主要为油型气,东侧主要为煤型气,均为上生下储的成藏模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地长9烃源岩评价

近年来长9优质烃源岩的发现,及相邻的长8、9、10储层中好的油气显示和工业油流的获得,表明长9可能是一套重要的潜在烃源岩。对鄂尔多斯盆地长9烃源岩生烃潜力进行了定性和定量评价。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地长9优质烃源岩主要集中在志丹、英旺地区,计算得出鄂尔多斯盆地长9烃源岩油气资源量分别为(2.09～4.17)×108 t和(0.06～0.12)×1011 m3。由于英旺地区排烃效率较低,资源量主要集中在志丹地区。因此,在志丹地区进行油气勘探时应考虑长9烃源岩的贡献。     

Evaluation criteria for gas source rocks of marine carbonate in China

Hydrocarbon generating and expulsion simulation experiments are carried out using samples artifically matched between the acid-dissolved residue of relatively low-maturity limestone and the original sample. This work makes up for the insufficiency of source rock samples with high abundance of organic matters and low maturity in China. The organic carbon content of the 10 prepared samples varies between 0.15% and 0.74%. Pyrolysis data and simulation experiment results of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion, which were obtained by a high-temperature and high-pressure open system, indicate that the lower limit of organic carbon content for marine carbonate rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons is 0.23%—0.31%. In combination with the numerical analysis of organic carbon in marine carbonate rocks from Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and North China, as well as the contribution of these gas source rocks to the discovered gas pools, we think that the organic carbon criterion for carbonate gas source rocks should be 0.3%.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界东、西部岩性-地层气藏的差异性

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界具有"满盆生气、到处含气、岩性控气"的特点。通过东、西部气藏的对比研究认为:煤系地层广覆式生烃、浅水三角洲大面积聚砂和湖侵作用铸造区域性盖层三大因素为形成大面积岩性-地层气藏奠定了基础。东部以原生孔为主的山2段、太2段相对低孔高渗型储层主要受潮汐和河流共同作用形成的高能聚砂环境控制;西部以溶蚀孔+原生孔组合为特征的盒8段、山1段相对高孔低渗型储层主要受富石英物源区和建设性成岩作用的控制。提出富石英物源区、毗邻岸线的高能相带和由网状输导体系控制的建设性成岩相区的确定对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气勘探具有重要意义。     

Two accumulation modes of marine-origin natural gas in the Tarim Basin

HeUanhe gas field, Lungudong gas field and Tazhong gas field are marine marine-origin natural gas reservoirs in the craton area in the Tarim Basin. The natural gas is generated from Cambrian source rocks. The simulation experiment indicated that the cracking of the dispersedly dissoluble organic matter remaining in the source rocks is the main origin of marine natural gas. There are two modes to form gas reservoirs, one is the dry gas reservoir such as HeUanhe gas field, in which gas accumulated on the fault belt with violent tectonic movement, the other is condensate gas reservoir formed on the inheriting uplift such as Lunnan and Tazhong gas fields. The hybrid simulation experiment of cracking gas and crude oil indicated that crude oil accumulated on a large scale in those uplift belts at the early stage, and natural gas filled the ancient oil reservoir at the late stage, and the gas reservoirs were formed after the gas mixed with the crude oil.     

Observation of hydrocarbon generation and migration of highly-matured carbonates by means of laser-induced fluorescence microscopy

Some important information on hydrocarbon generation, inclusion and migration in highly-matured carbonates of lower Palaeozoic age from the Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin hasbeen analyzed by a newly-combined laser-induced fluorescence microscope (LFM) designed by our laboratory. The following information has been obtained from the lower Ordovician lamellar carbonates with equivalent vitrinite reflectance (Ro) as high as 1.6%-1.7% and residual TOC of 0.14%-0.35% from the Ordos Basin: wide occurrences of oil and source macerals with strong fluorescence, including G. Prisca alginite, lamalginite, telalginite and algae-detrinite; fluorescing asphalt among mineral crystals; some groundmass and spheroid-like reservoir bitumen with high maturation levels in the pores of dolomites. Various kinds of fluorescing organic inclusions and asphalt have been found in the carbonates, calcareous shales and silt-shales with high maturation levels from the Cambrian-Ordovician strata in the Tarim Basin. All this helps us find and evaluate significant and excellent source rocks for large-and middle-scale gas fields. The net and micro-net systems for hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and migration in carbonates have been revealed by the highly-powered laser-induced fluorescence microscopy.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡带三叠系延长组和侏罗系油气成藏期研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地烃源岩的生烃史、构造运动特征、包裹体均一温度和伊利石K-Ar同位素定年的研究,结合研究区的裂缝发育特征,综合分析了三叠系延长组和侏罗系油气成藏期.鄂尔多斯盆地形成演化过程中经历了多期构造运动,其中影响最大的是早白垩世末期的构造运动.长7段泥质烃源岩在早白垩世初期开始大量生烃,对侏罗系延9段裂缝储层和三叠系延长组伊利石K-Ar同位素定年以及对储层流体包裹体均一温度分析显示,陕北斜坡带三叠系延长组油藏形成于早白垩世的早中期,而侏罗系延安组的油藏则形成于早白垩世末的构造抬升期,对应时间为晚白垩世早—中期.     

平庄盆地的石油地质特征

为了解平庄盆地烃源岩的赋存特征,结合地质勘查资料,根据沉积学、地球化学理论,分析了该盆地的石油地质特征。结果表明,平庄盆地内发育有三套烃源岩,分别归属九佛堂组、沙海组、阜新组,前两者是构成盆地的主要烃源岩;烃源岩主要形成于半深湖一深湖,部分形成于浅湖、闭塞湖湾及湖沼,其类型以暗色泥岩、油页岩、泥质白云岩等为主;盆地生储盖组合以侧变式为主,油气的圈闭类型主要为断背斜。该结果为平庄盆地的基础地质研究及石油地质勘查提供了参考。     

Constraints on the origins of hydrocarbon gas from compositions of gases at their site of origin

It is widely accepted that natural gas is formed from thermal decomposition of both oil in reservoirs and, to a lesser extent, the organic matter in shales from which the oil was derived. But laboratory pyrolysis experiments on shales do not reproduce the methane-rich composition typical of most gas reservoirs, leading to suggestions that other mechanisms, such as transition-metal catalysis, may be important. The discrepancy might, however, instead arise because gas (and oil) deposits have migrated from their source rocks, so that the reservoir composition might not be representative of the composition in the source rocks where the hydrocarbons were generated. To address this question, we have analysed gas samples coproduced with oils directly from a source rock (the Bakken shales, North Dakota, USA) where the local geology has prevented significant hydrocarbon migration. The methane contents of these Bakken-shale gases are much lower than that of conventional gas reservoirs, but are consistent with that from pyrolysis experiments on these shales. Thus, because these Bakken gases form with (rather than from) oils, we argue that compositional differences between gases from source rocks and conventional gas deposits result from fractionation processes occurring after hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rock.     

松辽盆地台九区块葡萄花油层油气成藏模式与主控因素

为了解台九区块葡萄花油层油气成藏规律,采用油气分布与成藏条件叠合分析方法,研究其油气成藏的主控因素和模式。结果表明:油源断裂附近高砂地比区是油气成藏的有利范围;局部正向构造是油气聚集的有利部位;砂岩厚度控制油气纵向聚集层位。油气成藏模式为:下部青一段源岩生成的油气沿油源断裂向上输导运移,在姚二三段盖层的遮挡下,向葡萄花油层两侧砂体大于20%的地层发生侧向分流运移,最终在油源断裂附近的正向构造内的断层遮挡、断鼻、断层-岩性和砂岩透镜体圈闭中聚集成藏。     

Features of the type III-like source rock and its generated natural gas

The mother matter of Ordovician source are mainly sapropelic and generate oil in mature stage, since the high plants did not appear in Ordovician period, which is well known by internal and external scholars. Now we find a kind of Orodovician source rock generating mainly light oil and gas in mature stage during appraising source rocks in the Tarim Basin. The organic matters of this source rock are chiefly constructed by benthic brown algae in organisms (showing as macro algae), and are similar to humic source in hydrocarbon generation. The natural gas generated by this kind of source matters is obviously different from the sapropelic gas.     

Features of the type Ⅲ-like source rock and its generated natural gas

The mother matter of Ordovician source are mainly sapropelic and generate oil in mature stage, since the high plants did not appear in Ordovician period, which is well known by internal and external scholars. Now we find a kind of Orodovician source rock generating mainly light oil and gas in mature stage during appraising source rocks in the Tarim Basin. The organic matters of this source rock are chiefly constructed by benthic brown algae in organisms (showing as macro algae), and are similar to humic source in hydrocarbon generation. The natural gas generated by this kind of source matters is obviously different from the sapropelic gas.     

准东石炭系烃源岩分布及勘探潜力分析

准东阜东斜坡fu26井在石炭系获高产气流、古城凹陷cheng1井见良好显示,同时均揭示厚层烃源岩,证实了准东石炭系具备形成天然气大场面的烃源岩基础。为了进一步落实准东石炭系天然气勘探潜力,通过区域统层、构造格局分析及井震匹配研究,整体落实了石炭系烃源岩分布及规模,为该区勘探指明了方向。区域统层研究表明,松喀尔苏组b段为石炭系主力烃源岩发育层段;构造格局分析表明,准东发育南北两大凹陷带,北部凹陷带已规模发现,南部凹陷带烃源岩规模发育,是下步探索的重点领域;井震匹配分析表明,南部凹陷带内主要发育东道海子、阜康、吉木萨尔和古城4大凹陷,其中,阜康和吉木萨尔凹陷烃源岩分布范围广、厚度大、生气强度大,具备形成规模天然气的资源基础。     

富黄探区延长组烃源岩评价与油源对比

针对富黄“新”探区烃源岩生烃潜力以及区内含油层系的石油来源问题,采用有机岩石学和地球化学的手段 和方法进行了深入研究。研究结果表明：富黄探区长7 烃源岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型以I- II1 型为主,有机质成 熟度高,为好烃源岩;长6 烃源岩有机质类型以III -II2 为主,次为I -II2 型,有机质成熟-高成熟,为中等-好烃源 岩;长4+5 烃源岩有机质丰度中等-高,有机质类型以III 型为主,次为II2 型,有机质低熟-成熟,为非-差烃源岩。 长4+5、长6 原油性质相近,为陆相淡水湖泊成因的中等成熟油;长4+5、长6 和长7 烃源岩对长4+5 和长6 油藏均有 贡献,但长7 烃源岩贡献最大,长4+5 暗色泥岩的贡献较小。研究区三叠系长7 烃源岩的发现,拓展了鄂尔多斯盆地 延长组长7 有限烃源岩的分布范围,对指导油田的下一步勘探具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界石油地质特征及其勘探远景

本文重点论述下古生界石油地质特征。下古生界地层为一套巨厚的碳酸盐岩沉积,目前己在奥陶系获得高产工业气流。因此,鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界海相沉积区有着广阔的找气前景。     

东濮凹陷二氧化碳生成模拟试验研究

为了探明东濮凹陷二氧化碳的来源及其丰度 ,采用加水热解法对不同源岩进行了二氧化碳生成热模拟试验 .3个实验样品取自可能的二氧化碳源岩 :下第三系泥岩、石炭—二叠系的煤岩和古生界奥陶系的灰岩 .实验结果表明 ,煤岩的生气 (二氧化碳和烃类 )能力最大 ,70 0℃时达 1 86mL/g ,泥岩次之 ,为 1 0 0 96mL/g ,灰岩最小为 2 0 49mL/g .对生成气的成分分析结果表明 ,煤岩气体产物中烃类约占 80 %～ 90 %,CO2 约占 7%～ 1 5 %;奥陶系灰岩的生烃能力很小 ,主要生成CO2 气体 .根据东濮凹陷不同源岩的生气能力 ,以及对产物的成分和同位素值的分析 ,可得到以下结论 :该区二氧化碳主要有两个来源 ,一是无机成因的主要与海相碳酸岩分解有关 ,二是有机成因的 ,主要是石炭—二叠系煤系地层热分解产生的二氧化碳 .下第三系地层由于热演化程度低 ,难以产生规模二氧化碳     

Mass balance calculation of the pyrolysates generated from marine crude oil： A prediction model of oil cracking gas resources based on solid bitumen in reservoir

Oil cracking gas plays an important role in the resources of natural gas in the basins with high and over mature marine source rocks in China. The prediction of the oil cracking gas resources becomes nec-essary and urgent in the gas exploration in these basins. A marine crude oil sample was pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes system. The pyrolysates including gas,liquid and solid were quantitatively analyzed. Based on the pyrolysis data and kinetic calculation,the yield correlativity among gas,liquid and solid products was regressed with high correlative coefficients to establish a prediction model suitable for the resource estimation of oil cracking gas. The verification formula for this model was also established on the principle of mass conservation. The affecting factors and the application precondi-tions of this prediction model were discussed. This model would enlighten and provide some new ideas for the resource assessment of natural gas in the high and over mature marine carbonate source rock areas in China. It is expected to be valuable in gas exploration.     

柴达木盆地西部侏罗系油气勘探前景

柴达木盆地西部的侏罗系发育中、下侏罗统大、小煤沟组和上侏罗统采石岭组、红水沟组两套地层。中、下侏罗统以暗色含煤建造为主,暗色泥页岩发育;上侏罗统以氧化环境下沉积的红色碎屑岩建造为主,不具备生烃能力。区域地质调查及地震解释资料揭示中、下侏罗统湖相暗色泥页岩分布广、残留厚度大, 在清水沟和月牙山北分别发育了288m和256m厚的烃源岩。有机地球化学分析表明烃源岩有机碳含量平均达1.62%;有机质类型以Ⅱ2型为主,部分为Ⅲ型;正处于成熟阶段的生、排烃高峰期,具有较强的生烃能力。该区生储盖匹配良好,圈闭发育,具有较好的石油地质条件和良好的油气勘探前景。     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin, west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles continuous subsldence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried.Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built that evolved fast in early stage,evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes,which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.