Relationships of Aegilops tauschii revealed by DNA fingerprints: The evidence for agriculture exchange between China and the West

Genetic diversity and relationships of wild goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Cosson) from Iran and Xinjiang,west China,as well as its weedy type from the Yellow River region of Shaanxi and Henan provinces in China were analyzed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprints.A high level of genetic diversity in Aegilops tauschii accessions from Iran was observed,and the richness of genetic diversity was followed by accessions from Shaanxi,Henan,and Xinjiang.The weedy type of Aegilops tauschii showed a close genetic relationship with the wild type from different regions in Iran.The results indicated that the weedy Aegilops tauschii found in the Yellow River region was most likely introduced from lran-the diversity center of Aegilops tauschii.The weedy Aegilops tauschii populations found in the Yellow River region may be brought into the central part of China as a weed species together with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the West during various periods of time in history.This finding has provided strong evidence for the introduction of common wheat from the West into China via the Silk Road,and also demonstrated the important role of the Silk Road in the exchange of agri-culture and other relevant technologies between China and the West.     

Analysis of the matrilineal genetic structure of population in the early Iron Age from Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Ancient mtDNA data of human remains were analyzed from four early Iron Age Tarim Basin sites （Yuansha, Zaghunluq, Sampula and Niya） in the southern Silk Road region. Haplogroup distributions show that ancient Tarim Basin population was comprised of well-differentiated Western and Eastern matrilineal lineages. Some West lineage of Tarim Basin population originated from Near East and Iran region. Of the East lineages, North and Northeast Asia originated lineages were the main components, and a few Southeast Asian lineages also existed, which indicated a more extensive origin and a more complex admixture. The genetic structure of ancient Tarim Basin population is relatively close to the modern populations of Xinjiang, which implied that the early Iron Age is an important period during the formation of the modern Xinjiang population.     

应用RAPD技术对新疆布顿大麦遗传多样性的研究

利用RAPD分子标记，通过40条10碱基随机引流，对32份新疆布顿大麦进行了遗传多样性评价。在40个10碱基随机引物中，有22个引物（占55％）的扩增产物具有多态性，每条多态性引物能产生1－7条多态性DNA带纹。40个引物共扩增227条带，其中95条（占41．9％）具有多态性，平均每条引物能产生1．7条多态性DNA带纹。基于RAPD技术计算了32份布屯大麦间的遗传相似系数（GS）变化值为0．427－0．848，平均值为0．681，利用不完全加权算术平均数（UPGMA），采用1－GS矩阵对其进行遗传聚类，结果表明，RAPD标记将32份参试材料区分为3类（或亚类），来源于新疆北部的20份材料有17份材料（占85％）聚入Ib亚类，而第Ia亚类则主要来自于新疆中部的一些材料。研究表明，RAPD标记揭示的新疆布顿大麦间的遗传多样性与其地理来源紧密相关。     

Genetic structure and diversity of Oryza sativa L. in Guizhou, China

Preserving many kinds of rice resources and rich variations, Guizhou Province is one of the districts with the highest genetic diversity of cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China. In the current research, genetic diversity and structure of 537 accessions of cultivated rice from Guizhou were studied using 36 microsetellite markers and 39 phenotypic characters. The results showed that the model-based genetic structure was the same as genetic-distance-based one using SSRs but somewhat different from the documented classification （mainly based on phenotype） of two subspecies. The accessions being classified into indica by phenotype but japonica by genetic structure were much more than that being classified into japonica by phenotype but indica by genetic structure. Like Ding Ying＇s taxonomic system of cultivated rice, the subspecific differentiation was the most distinct differentiation within cultivated rice. But the differentiation within indica or japonica population was different： japonica presented clearer differentiation between soil-watery ecotypes than indica, and indica presented clearer differentiation between seasonal ecotypes than japonica. Cultivated rices in Guizhou revealed high genetic diversity at both DNA and phenotypic levels. Possessing the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity, region Southwestern of Guizhou was suggested as the center of genetic diversity of O. sativa L. from Guizhou.     

Molecular phylogenetics of Gymnocypris （Teleostei：Cyprinidae） in Lake Qinghai and adjacent drainages

149 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes (1140 bp) of Gymnocypris przewaiskii, Gymnocypris eckloni and Gymnocypris scolistomus from the Lake Qinghai, Yellow River and Qaidam Basin were sequenced and analyzed. Consistent dendrogram indicated that the samples collected from the same species do not constitute a separate monophyletic group and all the samples were grouped into three highly divergent lineages (A, B and C). Among them, Lineage A contained all samples of G.przewaiskii from the Lake Qinghai and partial samples of the G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Lineage B contained the remaining samples of G. eckloni from the Yellow River.Lineage C was composed of a monophyletic group by G. eckloni from the Qaidam Basin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of genetic variations were detected within these three mtDNA lineages (93.12%), suggesting that there are three different lineages of Gymnocypris in this region. Our Cyt b sequence data showed that G.przewaiskii was not a polytypic species, and G. scolistomus was neither an independent species nor a subspecies of G.eckloni. The divergent mtDNA lineages of G. eckloni from theYellow River suggested that gene flow between the different populations was restricted to a certain extent by several gorges on the upper reach of the Yellow River. Lineage B of G. eckloni might be the genetic effect from the ancestor which was incorporated with the endemic schizothoracinefishes when the headward erosion of the Yellow Riverreached to its current headwaters of late. The G. eckloni from Basin Qaldam was a monophyletic group (lineage C) and Fst values within G. eckloni from the Yellow River were higher than 0.98, suggesting that the gene flow has been interrupted for a long time and the G. eckloni from Basin Qaidam might have been evolved into different species by ecology segregation. The correlation between the rakers number of Gymnocypris and population genetic variation was not significant.All Gymnocypris populations exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (n=0.00096-0.00485). Therefore the Gymnocypris populations from Basin Qaidam could have experienced severe bottleneck effect in history. Our result suggested Gymnocypris populations of Basin Qaidam should give a high priority in conservation programs.     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的5个黄河鲤群体遗传多样性研究

为了揭示河南省不同黄河鲤养殖群体之间的遗传差异,本研究通过线粒体COI基因对5个黄河鲤群体的遗传多样性进行了研究.5个群体中荥阳水产良种场群体的单倍型数为4,洛阳水产技术推广站群体的单倍型数为2,其它群体的单倍型数均为3;各个群体的基因多样性从0.200到0.750不等,最高的为河南省水产良种繁育场的群体;各群体的核苷酸多样性范围为0.000 63到0.002 28,最高的为荥阳水产良种场群体,最低的为洛阳市水产技术推广站群体.分子方差分析表明黄河鲤将近90%的变异来自于群体内,说明整体上群体间分化较小.结果表明,虽然各个黄河鲤群体之间的遗传分化较小,但是它们之间的遗传多样性差别较大,研究结果可以为黄河鲤的育种和增殖放流等工作提供一定的参考.     

褐马鸡地理种群的遗传多样性研究

从分子遗传学角度对采自陕西省黄龙县和河北小五台山两个地区的褐马鸡种群进行了研究,完成了上述两个地区褐马鸡线粒体控制区的全序列测序,并与GenBank中搜索的马鸡属的其它三个种的同源序列进行比对分析.综合考虑该区域的地质历史背景和本研究得到的上述两地区褐马鸡与蓝马鸡的遗传距离分析,研究认为由于0.15 MaBP黄河切穿三门峡后东流入海以及历史上的人类活动,导致原来连续的褐马鸡分布区域分隔,并逐渐分化成不同的地理种群.研究还指出褐马鸡种群内遗传多样性极低,并建议褐马鸡和蓝马鸡应为同种不同色型.     

High genetic diversity in population of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepturichthys fimbriata</Emphasis> from the Yangtze River revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis

Lepturichthys fimbriata (Günther) is one of the benthic and rock-attached fish species that is typically found in torrential flows of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Several dams in the Yangtze River (the Ertan Dam, the Three Gorges Dam, the Gezhouba Dam, the Xiluodu Dam and the Xiangjiaba Dam (the latter two dams are under construction)) may have significant effects on the habitat and spawning behaviors of L. fimbriata, and could ultimately threaten the survival of this fish. We studied the population genetic diversity of L. fimbriata samples collected at three sites within the Yangtze River and one of its tributaries, the Yalong River. Genetic diversity patterns were determined by analyzing genetic data from 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated in Jinshaia sinensis (Sauvage et Dabry). A high genetic diversity among these L. fimbriata local populations was indicat- ed by the number of microsatellite alleles (A) and the expected heterozygosity. No reductions of genetic diversity in any L. fimbriata population were observed. However, significant population differentiations were observed among three local populations by pairwise comparisons (P<0.001). We deduced that L. fimbriata local populations were not small ones. In addition, the habitat behaviors of rock-attachment and possible residence of L. fimbriata could account for the genetic differences found in local populations.     

西部大开发与新疆旅游业发展研究

新疆是我国面积最大的省区。特定的地理环境和区位条件，形成了冰峰与火洲相依、沙漠与绿洲共存的独特自然景观。新疆历史上还是东、西方明交汇、众多民族聚居的地区。因而历史化与民俗化的内涵极为丰富，闻名中外的古丝绸之路和公元前13世纪就已形成的“古玉石之路”，给后人留下了遣存丰厚的人旅游资源。亟待人们去研究和开发。本分析了我国加人WTO和西部大开发形势下，新疆旅游业发展的前景。优劣势条件，提出了新形势下旅游业发展的若干思路与对策。     

基于CR及Cytb基因序列的大泷六线鱼野生群体遗传多样性分析

为进一步了解山东省内大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)群体遗传背景和分化情况,合理保护与开发利用渔业资源,选取线粒体控制区(CR)和细胞色素b基因(Cytb)对分布于山东省近海沿岸的3个大泷六线鱼野生群体以及北黄海1个离岸大泷六线鱼野生群体的线粒体基因序列进行对比,分析它们的序列特征、遗传多样性和种群历史动态情况。经PCR扩增得到大泷六线鱼野生群体的CR和Cytb基因序列,全长分别为485bp和651bp。基于CR基因序列共检测到40个多态位点,单倍型多样性平均值为0.908,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.006,定义了53种单倍型。基于Cytb基因序列检测到56个多态位点,转换颠换比值为19.04,种内单倍型多样性平均值为0.934,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.005,定义了38种单倍型。对比分析表明,4个大泷六线鱼野生群体均具有高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性。NJ系统进化树、群体间/内平均遗传距离、Fst值、基因流及AMOVA分析结果显示:山东省内近海沿岸大泷六线鱼野生群体和北黄海离岸野生群体遗传差异不显著,群体间存在频繁的基因交流,未形成显著的遗传分化。种群动态结果表明大泷六线鱼于更新世晚期经历了快速扩张,并形成了现有遗传格局。山东省内近海沿岸大泷六线鱼野生群体和北黄海离岸野生群体遗传结构之间不存在显著的地理隔离,这可能与人为增殖放流和秋冬季节黄海沿岸流及暖流有关,从而使得群体之间基因交流广泛。     

Genetic diversity of rice cultivars （Oryza sativa L.） in China and the temporal trends in recent fifty years

Public concern is often expressed at cultivars because the domestication and modern plant breeding have led to a reduction in the genetic diversity of crops and loss of genes, which could result in crops' genetic vulnerability to changes in the spectrum of pestssity of varieties in this zone is very important to the whole rice production in China. REZV, a important japonica rice production areas with more than 278 thousands ha rice which was about 71% of rice area in north China, accounted fo…     

文化线路遗产旅游体验影响因素研究——以丝绸之路为例

通过文献分析法以及访谈法拟定和选取了文化线路遗产旅游体验测评的潜变量和相应的测量变量,并基于陕西,甘肃两地丝绸之路世界遗址点景区的游客调研数据对丝绸之路文化线路遗产旅游体验评价维度进行验证性因子分析,构建了丝绸之路旅游体验影响因素的二阶五因素结构模型。结果显示:影响丝绸之路文化线路遗产旅游体验的因素并非是由资源主导,而是综合因素共同导向;遗产地旅游设施服务水平、遗产资源品质、遗产解说、活动参与感知以及遗产地环境氛围均显著影响旅游者体验质量,且以旅游设施服务能力的影响程度最大。     

风陵渡女娲陵地望考

陕西、山西、河南三省交界著名的交通孔道风陵渡，因附近有女娲风陵而得名。于风陵的地望，史籍记载不一，混乱异常。考证辨析史料，则知风陵渡的女娲风陵有两处，一处在黄河之中，一处在黄河北岸山西芮城县风陵渡镇赵村东。又因为风陵在陕西、山西、河南交界，所以陕西潼关、山西芮城、河南阌乡地方志对其都有记载。     

古骆越方国考证

古骆越方国是中国商周时期，以壮族祖先为主建立的地方政权，其范围大致在两广南部到今越南北部以及整个南海。中心在今广西郁江、邕江、左右江一带。骆越方国的主体族群壮侗语族各民族，开发了中国岭南南方直到整个南海，开辟了海上丝绸之路，对祖国做出了很大的贡献。     

Studies of new EST-SSRs derived from Gossypium barbadense

Existing cotton EST-SSR markers are mostly derived from Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium hir-sutum, but EST-SSR markers from Gossypium barbadense are scarce. One hundred and nineteen EST-SSRs were developed based on 98 unique ESTs from a cDNA library constructed in our laboratory using developing fibers from G. barbadense cv. Pima3-79. Among the SSRs, trinucleotide AAG appeared at a high frequency of 11.76%. 36 accessions (consisting of 13 diploids of the A genome, 11 diploids of the D genome and 12 allotetraploids of the AD genome) were employed to test new EST-SSRs. 76 EST-SSRs were successfully amplified, and 313 polymorphic fragments were yielded, with an average of 4.11 fragments per primer pair. The PIC ranged from 0.17 to 0.95 with an average of 0.53. Based on Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient, these 36 accessions were clustered into three groups. 21 EST-SSRs exhibited polymorphisms in BC1 population ((Emian22 × Pima3-79) × Emian22), 24 polymor- phic loci were generated, while 22 of the 24 polymorphic loci were integrated with our interspecific BC1 backbone genetic linkage map, and anchored in 12 chromosomes. This study effectively proved that EST-SSRs from G. barbadense are valuable for genetic diversity analysis and genetic mapping.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨产流产沙特性及治理模式

根据径流实验站的实测资料分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区典型沟道小流域的降雨径流特性 :该地区均为短历时的超渗产流 ,次产流降雨历时小于 70 m in,相应的径流量小于5 0 m m。根据极限含沙量的概念 ,在小流域内减少汛期径流就能有效地控制水土流失。通过坡改梯和淤地坝等水土保持措施 ,可以有效地拦蓄汛期径流 ,从而显著减少黄河中游多沙粗沙区进入黄河干流的泥沙 ,减缓来沙量大于水流挟沙力的矛盾 ,使危害黄河的灾害泥沙保留在坡面上和小沟道内而成为资源泥沙     

中国地市卫生资源需求测度及其时空格局研究

测度地区卫生资源需求是实施以需求为导向的卫生资源空间配置的前提.综合考虑地区卫生资源需求决定因素及空间相互作用,构建卫生资源需求指数,分析2000年—2010年中国卫生资源需求在地市之间的分布及变化.结果发现,中国卫生资源需求自西向东呈“高－低－高”的总体空间格局.西部的青海、西藏、新疆和川西地区主要因为居民健康需要水平高,卫生资源需求中高值地市连片分布,形成青藏地区高值集聚区和以藏中为核心的中国西部卫生资源需求热点区域.东部沿海地区主要因为卫生服务可及性高,卫生资源需求中高值地市集中分布,形成环渤海、长三角和珠三角高值地市集聚区和以苏浙沪为核心的中国东部卫生资源需求热点区域.中部地域整体上居民健康需要和卫生服务可及性较低,连片分布卫生资源需求低值地市,其中广州、武汉、成都等部分省会城市和豫北地区因卫生服务可及性较高,川云桂黔地区因健康需要水平较高而成为卫生资源需求中高值区,形成以甘川陕晋豫鄂湘为主的低值地市集聚区和以甘陕鄂湘赣为核心的中国卫生资源需求冷点区域.     

黄河口近岸海域大型底栖动物群落特征

为了解黄河口近岸海域大型底栖生物资源的现状和变化,本研究于2016年8月、11月和2017年5月、8月、11月进行拖网调查。对拖网获得的生物样品进行鉴定,并称重和计数,以获取物种组成、优势物种、生物量和丰度等指标数据。使用优势度计算方法和PRIMER 6.0统计软件对群落特征进行分析。结果共获得大型底栖动物109种,其中甲壳动物37种,鱼类35种,软体动物34种,棘皮动物2种,其他动物(海葵Actiniaria sp.)1种。在该区域发现优势种19种,其中甲壳动物11种,软体动物4种,鱼类4种。黄河口近海大型底栖动物总平均丰度和总平均生物量分别为0.48ind./m~2、1.44g/m~2,均是软体动物贡献率最高。丰富度指数(D)、均匀度指数(J′)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)平均值分别为2.44±0.33、0.88±0.03、3.64±0.08。CLUSTER聚类分析和MDS标序分析表明,在40%相似性水平上,每次调查结果可以分为3—5组,各组之间差异显著。黄河口近海大型底栖动物以小个体的甲壳动物、软体动物及低经济价值的鱼类为主,底栖物种有小型化趋势。黄河口近海底栖群落结构差异较大,总体受污染扰动情况明显。     

论“丝绸之路经济带”与西藏经济外向发展

2013年以来,“丝绸之路经济带”已引起我国最高决策层的重视,即将成为我国和中亚各国共同推进的跨洲区域合作。西藏从唐代起就通过唐蕃古道、茶马古道等古商道、驿道或贡道与古丝绸之路相连接。改革开放以后,西藏经济北向、东向发展步伐加快,通过青藏经济一体化,融入“大西南经济圈”,可以说已经在某种程度上融入了“丝绸之路经济带”。文章通过阐述西藏和丝绸之路的关系,试图说明西藏加入或融入“丝绸之路经济带”的意义及可能性,并对西藏借助该经济带促进自身外向发展提出建议。     

多元文化对新疆于田县民居的影响探析

新疆于田县地处于古代东西方文化的交汇处——西汉扦弥国境内，是古丝绸之路南道上的重镇，独特的地理位置和人文环境决定了于田县所处文化圈的复杂性和独特性。不同的宗教、文化相互交融、相互影响，深深地渗入到当地民族文化的深层内涵中，使当地民居外表虽然质朴无华，却注重实用性以及功能性。通过对新疆于田县的历史沿革、遗址遗迹、宗教信仰、东西方文化融合、本土民间传说等方面进行研究，探讨多元文化对于田县民居的影响。