高效水相1,4-共轭加成反应催化剂的制备

以正硅酸乙酯和有机金属铑硅烷为硅源,在模板剂P123作用下共聚,合成出有序介孔结构有机金属铑非均相催化剂Rh(I)-SBA-15.通过XRD,TEM,N2吸附-脱附等温线,FT-IR,NMR,XPS等手段对其结构和组分进行了表征;考察了该非均相催化剂在水相中1,4-共轭加成反应中的催化性能.结果表明,该催化剂不仅具有较高的催化活性,且可以多次重复使用,显示了较好的工业应用前景.     

金属有机框架材料的氨燃料电池性能研究

在“双碳”目标和“氢能源”背景下，氨作为一种无碳氢载体，被认为是一种可替代氢用于燃料电池的理想燃料.氨燃料电池可实现将氨高效转化为电能，放电生成物只有氮气和水，不会排放对生物有害的物质和导致全球变暖的二氧化碳，是一种对环境负担较小的能量转化系统.然而，氨燃料电池中阳极催化活性不足，直接影响着氨燃料电池的性能.针对于此，设计了一类新型的金属有机框架材料，从理论上研究了其作为氨燃料电池阳极催化剂的可能性.结果表明：该类金属有机框架材料是一类结构稳定的单原子催化材料，其反应活性位点是中心的过渡金属原子，活性金属原子对反应活性有直接影响；以钒金属为活性中心的金属有机框架材料表现出较好的氨分解活性，其起始电位为0.20 V.     

周期有序双连续介孔结构Pd (II)有机金属催化剂用于水介质Sonogashira反应的研究

以1,4-双（三乙氧基硅基）苯和苯基膦钯有机金属硅烷为混合硅源,在表面活性剂导向组装下共缩聚制得Pd（Ⅱ）-PMO—KIT-6非均相催化剂,并利用NMR、XPS、XRD、TEM和氮气吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征．考察了该催化剂在水介质Sonogashira反应中的催化性能,结果表明：所制备的Pd（Ⅱ）一PMO—KIT-6具有优异的催化活性和选择性,这主要归因于催化剂的高比表面积、双连续介孔结构有利于提高Pd（Ⅱ）活性位分散度,减少传质阻力;同时苯基桥联PMO构建形成的微环境增强表面疏水性,有利于反应底物的吸附和扩散．此外,催化剂还可以重复使用多次后活性没有明显降低．     

双亚磷酸酯催化剂体系用于羰基合成丁醛反应动力学的研究

将自主开发的双亚磷酸酯催化剂(HY-A)体系用于丙烯羰基合成制丁醛.在一定反应条件下,得到了与丙烯(C_3H_6)浓度、反应温度和催化剂铑(Rh)质量分数相关的动力学方程.在C_3H_6模试连续反应时,采用动力学方程推算的C_3H_6转化率与试验实际转化率基本一致,验证了动力学方程的可靠性.     

有机助剂对葡萄糖加氢反应中RU/C催化剂的影响

考察了Ru/C催化剂制备过程中加入有机助剂对葡萄糖加氢反应活性、制备重现性和使用稳定性的影响.利用分光光度法考察了RuCl3在活性炭上的吸附量和吸附强度,并通过程序升温还原(TPR)技术,考察Ru/C催化剂的表面还原性质,探讨了Ru/C催化剂表面性能与催化剂活性的关联规律.结果表明,加入有机助剂不仅能增加Ru的吸附量和吸附强度,改善催化剂的表面性能,并明显提高了催化剂的活性、稳定性和制备重现性.     

在Rh/SiO_2催化剂上CO反应性能的研究

本文利用装备有程序控温反应池、抽空和质谱检测脱附物系统的FT—IR,在室温条件下研究了CO在Rh/SiO_2催化剂上的化学吸附态及其与O_2、NO、H_2的反应性能。实验站果表明:CO在Rh/SiO_2催化剂上存在着Rh(CO)_2[Ⅰ]、Rh(CO)[Ⅱ]和Rh_2(CO)[Ⅲ]三种化学吸附态;它们与O_2及H_2的反应活性顺序是[Ⅰ]>[Ⅱ](?)[Ⅲ];NO能从催化剂表面上置换CO吸附态[Ⅱ],並相应在此吸附位上产生两种吸附态Rh(NO)及RhO_2(NO);通过对CO和H_2共吸附、吸附的CO和H_2反应及H_2CO吸附的化学吸附态的检测及其脱附产物的质谱分析,说明了在Rh/SiO_2催化剂上CO和H_2反应过程中无H_2CO中间物产生。     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气负载型过渡金属催化剂性能的研究

考察了负载在不同载体上的过渡金属催化剂用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应的催化性能.结果发现,负载型贵金属催化剂一般表现出比过渡金属催化剂更好的POM反应性能,活性金属组分在载体上的分散度可以影响其催化性能,但金属的电子组态对催化剂性能的影响更为明显,适中的未成对d电子对POM反应是有益的.在各种载体材料中,SiO2等低酸性且无明显氧化还原性能的材料是制备POM反应催化剂的良好载体,在所研究的各种催化剂中,SiO2负载的Rh催化剂具有最佳的POM反应性能.反应条件可以明显地影响POM反应的性能,升高温度有利于提高甲烷转化率和CO选择性,原料气中过高的VCH4/Vo2不利于POM反应的进行.     

CO2加氢逆水煤气变换（RWGS）催化剂研究进展

化石能源的广泛使用，导致CO2肆意排放至大气环境，引发一系列严重的环境问题。CO2逆水煤气变换（RWGS）反应，是实现CO2资源化利用的有效途径。对RWGS反应催化剂研究情况进行了系统的总结和综述，详细地分析了Pd、Au、Pt、Cu、Fe和Mo基等催化剂的RWGS反应性能，对金属与载体间相互作用和掺杂元素的电子效应对催化RWGS反应性能的影响进行了系统的分析。Pd、Au和Pt等贵金属对CO2弱的结合能力和定向转化能力，需进一步提高贵金属催化剂对CO2分子的吸附和活化能力来提升其催化性能。非贵金属Cu、Fe和Mo基催化剂的低温活性较差，借助新的催化剂制备方法和策略，将进一步提升CO2分子的低温催化转化活性。研究结果证实，通过优化催化剂中活性组分与载体或助剂的相互作用，能实现对相应催化剂的RWGS反应性能进行调控。总结了非贵金属和贵金属催化剂上CO2 加氢机理，分析了非贵金属和贵金属催化剂RWGS反应性能间的差异，为开发制备新型的RWGS反应催化剂材料提供了可行思路和理论依据。     

杂质对Rh/MgO体系金属一担体相互作用的影响

本文研究了活化温度对Rh担于不同纯度MgO上的催化剂性质的影响。用H_2化学吸附和乙烷氢解、环已烷脱氢的活性来检测金属一担体的相互作用,以人为掺杂和原位傅利叶变换红外光谱来测知杂质的影响。当纯度为99.5％的MgO作为Rh的担体时,在高温还原(HTR,773K)后其化学吸附能力和乙烷氢解活性相对于低温还原(LTR,573K)处理均有显著降低,分别降低了20倍和5个数量级,而环已烷脱氢活性却仅有中等程度的降低。高温还原后的催化剂的活性能被在673K进行氧化和随后的低温还原处理所恢复。当金属分散度基本保持不变时,上述催化剂体系的活性降低效应与Rh的担载量有关,即担载量越低,该效应越显著。但当纯度为99.999％的MgO作Rh的担体时,还原温度(HTR相对于LTR)对H_2化学吸附和乙烷氢解活性则没有显著影响。人为掺杂对比实验和原位红外光谱结果表明这种差别可归因于担体中杂质的影响,特别是硫酸盐杂质可能是引起Rh/MgO(99.5％)体系表观金属一担体强相互作用的硫中毒的前身。     

过热水中的有机反应

过热水在有机反应中有特殊的应用。在一定的温度和压力下，水成为一种高效的有机反应的介质，在反应中充当反应物、溶剂、催化剂等角色，对很多有机反应来说，既可以提高反应速度，又可以提高其反应的化学选择性。对过热水的研究已成为有机化学中很有潜力的一个分支－－水化学。     

In situ time-resolved FTIR investigation on the reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane to syngas over supported Rh and Ru catalysts

In situ time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane (POM) to synthesis gas and the reaction of CH₄/O₂/He (2/1/45, molar ratio) gas mixture with adsorbed CO species over Rh/SiO₂, Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts at 500—600℃. It was found that CO is the primary product of POM reaction over reduced and working state Rh/SiO₂ catalysts. Direct oxidation of CH₄ is the main pathway of synthesis gas formation over Rh/SiO₂ catalyst. CO₂ is the primary product of POM over Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts. The dominant reaction pathway for synthesis gas formation over Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst is via the reforming reactions of CH₄ with CO₂ and H₂O. For the POM reaction over Rh/SiO₂ and Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, consecutive oxidation of surface CO species is an important pathway of CO₂ formation.     

Hydrotalcite-supported Pd-Cu catalyst for nitrate adsorption and reduction from water

With the rapid development of industry and agricul- ture, the nitrate contamination in groundwater becomes increasingly serious in many countries [1]. Therefore, the remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater is one of the targets urgently confronted…     

Synergistic effect between ceria and tungsten oxide on WO3–CeO2–TiO2 catalysts for NH3-SCR reaction

WO3–CeO2–TiO2 catalysts for NO (nitrogen monoxide) reduction by ammonia were prepared by a sol–gel method. The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, Raman, NH3/NO adsorption and H2-TPR to investigate the relationships among the catalyst composition, structure, redox property, acidity and deNOx activity. WO3–CeO2–TiO2 catalysts show a high activity in a broad temperature range of 200–480 1C. The low-temperature activity of catalysts is sensitive to the catalyst composition especially under low-O2-content atmospheres. It may be related to the synergistic effect between CeOx and WOx in the catalysts. On one hand, the interaction between ceria and tungsten oxide promotes the activation of gaseous oxygen to compensate the lattice oxygen consumed in NH3-SCR (selective catalytic reduction) reaction at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the Br?nsted acid sites mainly arise from tungsten oxides, Lewis acid sites mainly arise from ceria. Both of the Br?nsted and Lewis acid sites facilitate the adsorption of NH3 on catalysts and improve the stability of the adsorbed ammonia species, which are beneficial to the NH3-SCR reaction.     

CuO/CeO2催化剂在温度变动过程中的CO-PROX催化性能

采用浸渍方法制备不同Cu/Ce原子比的CuO/CeO₂催化剂,用于富氢气体中CO优先氧化反应(CO-PROX),考察其在温度变动情况下的催化性能. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)方法对反应前后催化剂样品进行了表征. XRD测试表明,催化反应后的催化剂中有金属Cu0生成. 这与文献结果一致. 与不含CO₂的情况比较,当模拟富氢气体中含有CO₂时,低温段催化活性明显下降. Cu/Ce原子比为10%的催化剂在温度变动过程中具有较稳定的催化性能.      

用于邻苯基苯酚合成的Pt-K/Al2O3脱氢催化剂(Ⅱ):催化剂失活机制

采用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、元素分析、氢氧滴定(HOT)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、透射电镜(TEM)等对Pt-K催化剂可能的失活机制进行研究。结果表明:积碳并非Pt-K催化剂失活的主要原因;脱氢催化剂上铂颗粒的尺寸在运转过程中没有明显的增大,即铂中心烧结也不是催化剂失活的主要原因;Pt-K催化剂在运转过程中铂分散度明显下降而且无法通过再生恢复;Pt-K/Al2O3催化剂的失活极有可能源自催化剂运转过程中钾物种对铂中心的过度覆盖作用。     

Preparation and properties of the SmOx/Rh(100) model surface

The preparation of SmO_x/Rh(100) and CO adsorption on this model surface have been investigated with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The oxygen adsorption on the SmRh alloy surface leads to the aggregation of Sm on the surface. The thermal treatment of this oxidized surface induces the further agglomeration of SmO_x on the Rh(100) surface. Compared with CO TDS on the clean Rh(100) surface, three additional CO desorption peaks can be observed at 176, 331 and 600 K on the SmO_x/Rh(100) surface. The CO desorption peak at 176 K may originate from CO adsorbed on SmO_x islands, while the appearance of the CO adsorption peaks at 331 and 600 K, depending on the oxidation state of Sm, is attributed to CO species located at the interface of SmO_x/Rh(100).     

Dissociative hydrogen adsorption on palladium requires aggregates of three or more vacancies

During reaction, a catalyst surface usually interacts with a constantly fluctuating mix of reactants, products, 'spectators' that do not participate in the reaction, and species that either promote or inhibit the activity of the catalyst. How molecules adsorb and dissociate under such dynamic conditions is often poorly understood. For example, the dissociative adsorption of the diatomic molecule H2--a central step in many industrially important catalytic processes--is generally assumed to require at least two adjacent and empty atomic adsorption sites (or vacancies). The creation of active sites for H2 dissociation will thus involve the formation of individual vacancies and their subsequent diffusion and aggregation, with the coupling between these events determining the activity of the catalyst surface. But even though active sites are the central component of most reaction models, the processes controlling their formation, and hence the activity of a catalyst surface, have never been captured experimentally. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscopy observations of the transient formation of active sites for the dissociative adsorption of H2 molecules on a palladium (111) surface. We find, contrary to conventional thinking, that two-vacancy sites seem inactive, and that aggregates of three or more hydrogen vacancies are required for efficient H2 dissociation.     

Highly dispers ed iron species created on alkali-treated zeolite for ammonia SCR

Alkaline treatment using sodium hydroxide was introduced to obtain a hierarchical pore structure in H-ZSM-5 zeolite.Fe-exchanged zeolite catalysts were prepared by impregnation on the original and alkali-treated zeolites,and were evaluated for NOx reduction by NH3,NO oxidation,and NH3 oxidation reactions.The highly dispersed iron species as active sites can be obtained by controlling the pore structure and particle size of zeolite.Therefore,the Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst treated mildly by sodium hydroxide before iron exchange,which contains amounts of highly dispersed Fe species,obtains over80% NOx conversion at a wide temperature range of 250-500℃.     

PEG-400/H2O中无配体条件下卤代芳烃与芳基硼酸交叉偶联反应的研究

在无配体条件下,以聚乙二醇(PEG-400)和水为反应介质,醋酸钯为催化剂,卤代代芳烃和芳基硼酸通过交叉偶联反应合成一系列联苯类化合物(3a～3h),其结构经~1HNMR和~(13)CNMR表征,交叉偶联产率为30%～99%。PEG和水作为反应溶剂减少了对环境污染,实现了偶联反应的绿色化。     

碳基材料在电催化还原CO2中的应用

电催化还原CO₂能够将CO₂转换成高附加值的化学品或燃料,该工艺是一种缓解能源危机和全球变暖的理想途径。但由于缺乏性能优异、价格低廉、环境友好的催化剂,该途径的实用化仍具挑战性。碳基催化剂因具有资源丰富、导电性好、比表面积大、环境友好等优点而被广泛应用于多种催化反应中。目前报道的系列碳基催化剂在CO₂还原反应中也展现出极好的催化性能和应用潜力。综述了N原子掺杂、构造缺陷、单原子负载和金属纳米颗粒负载等手段对碳基材料电催化还原CO₂性能的影响及其催化机制,并总结了电催化还原CO₂所面临的挑战。同时对未来碳基电催化剂的合成及发展进行了展望。