英国国际合作格局

该报告运用文献计量学方法，对英国及其主要合作伙伴国的国际合作格局做了全面的分析。所选
择的主要国家包括美国、加拿大、法国、德国、日本、澳大利亚、中国与印度；数据覆盖领域有临床、医药
卫生、生物科学、环境科学、数学、物质科学以及工程技术领域；数据时间分为1996－2000年与2001－2005
年两个时间段。结果显示：国际论文数量增长显著；英国国际合作论文份额的增长比G7 国家更加快速； 德
国和美国是英国最大的国际合作伙伴；英国国际合作论文的平均影响力显著高于其科研论文的总体影响力；
中国与英国合作发表的论文数量超过了与其他欧洲各国的合作论文数。     

科学新格局：英国科研及其国际合作

国际合作研究不仅可以利用其他国家的科研投资，而且能够产生具有轰动效应的创新型结果。由
于语言文化的相似性，英国与美国及欧洲国家有着较为广泛的联系，他们之间的合作是英国科学研究合作的
主体。随着科学研究及技术革新的发展更多地转向东方，以及中国和印度这两大科技力量的迅猛发展，英国
应该更加重视与这两个国家的合作。文章指出：应该就英国及其新伙伴之间的关系进行详细的研究，从而深
入理解中英两国间的合作并建立成功的合作模式。     

Dissociative hydrogen adsorption on palladium requires aggregates of three or more vacancies

During reaction, a catalyst surface usually interacts with a constantly fluctuating mix of reactants, products, 'spectators' that do not participate in the reaction, and species that either promote or inhibit the activity of the catalyst. How molecules adsorb and dissociate under such dynamic conditions is often poorly understood. For example, the dissociative adsorption of the diatomic molecule H2--a central step in many industrially important catalytic processes--is generally assumed to require at least two adjacent and empty atomic adsorption sites (or vacancies). The creation of active sites for H2 dissociation will thus involve the formation of individual vacancies and their subsequent diffusion and aggregation, with the coupling between these events determining the activity of the catalyst surface. But even though active sites are the central component of most reaction models, the processes controlling their formation, and hence the activity of a catalyst surface, have never been captured experimentally. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscopy observations of the transient formation of active sites for the dissociative adsorption of H2 molecules on a palladium (111) surface. We find, contrary to conventional thinking, that two-vacancy sites seem inactive, and that aggregates of three or more hydrogen vacancies are required for efficient H2 dissociation.