豆豉生产中高大毛霉和纳豆芽孢杆菌 HT8 共发酵条件研究

通过实验室人工模拟条件，把豆豉感官、生长和纳豆激酶活性作为评判标准，首先采用单因素实验探索了豆豉生产中高大毛霉和纳豆芽孢杆菌 HT8 共发酵的接种量、菌种比例、接种时间和发酵温度 4 个单因素的最佳条件，然后通过正交实验探索了这 4 个因素的联合最佳条件。结果表明，高大毛霉和纳豆芽孢杆菌共发酵的最佳接种量为 4%，菌种比例为10:1，培养温度为25 ℃，发酵时间为56 h；在此条件下毛霉生长繁茂，豉香浓郁，且纳豆激酶活力达1 092.71IU mL-1。高大毛霉和纳豆芽孢杆菌 HT8 混合发酵在保持豆豉原有风味的同时丰富了发酵产生的蛋白酶系，使之具有纳豆激酶活性，为新型保健食品的开发提供了新思路。
     

辐照灭菌用于纳豆激酶制剂的实验研究

对60钴γ-射线辐照前后的纳豆激酶(NK)制剂有效成分、酶活及活菌数等技术指标进行了实验研究,结果表明,不同剂量的60钴γ-射线辐照对纳豆激酶制剂中的总皂甙含量和纳豆激酶酶活影响不大,30 kGy时总皂甙含量仍可达到原始含量的105%～125%,NK酶活达到原始酶活的90%以上;纳豆芽孢杆菌、大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌等活菌数对60钴γ-射线辐照十分敏感,5 kGy的60钴γ-射线辐照处理后纳豆芽孢杆菌、大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌数量下降99%以上.     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育富硒纳豆芽孢杆菌

纳豆芽孢杆菌可以转化亚硒酸钠为有机硒。对一株纳豆芽孢杆菌的生长曲线进行测定,确定了亚硒酸钠适宜的添加时间和添加量。以纳豆芽孢杆菌BSN424为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体诱变系统进行诱变,根据耐硒和富硒能力筛选,经连续传代培养后筛选出了富硒纳豆芽孢杆菌。结果表明,适宜加硒时间为培养后3h,培养时间为24h,培养基适宜硒质量浓度为6μg/mL,常压室温等离子体诱变系统功率为100W,诱变时间为25s。诱变后筛选得到一株具有较高富硒能力的诱变菌株BN-44,经摇瓶发酵后的富硒量为1136.43μg/g,相比出发菌株的742.12μg/g提高了53.13%。研究表明常压室温等离子体诱变育种能有效地对纳豆芽孢杆菌BSN424进行诱变,旨在为有机硒生物转化法中寻找益生菌富硒载体及其诱变育种提供一定依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂在禽畜养殖中的作用

枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种绿色健康的微生态制剂,具有调节动物肠道平衡、促进营养吸收、提高免疫能力等功能。微生态制剂是抗生素的理想替代品之一,因其可有效防治动物疾病,并且无毒副作用,无残留污染,不产生抗药性,还能促进动物生长发育而在禽畜养殖中广泛应用。通过综述枯草芽孢杆菌的特性、作用机理以及枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂在禽畜养殖中的效果,分析了目前微生态制剂存在的问题及解决措施,并展望了其未来发展方向,为后续禽畜养殖提供借鉴和参考。     

纳豆杆菌纳豆激酶成熟肽基因的克隆与同源性分析

纳豆杆菌 (Bacillusnatto)是从日本传统食品纳豆中筛选出来的 ,它具有较强的溶栓作用 .根据已发表的纳豆激酶基因序列设计一对引物 ,利用聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) ,从纳豆杆菌的基因组DNA中扩增和克隆到纳豆激酶基因 .序列分析表明 ,该纳豆激酶基因成熟肽编码区含有 82 5bp ,编码 2 75个氨基酸残基 ,与文献已报道的序列分别有 93.4 %和 94 .5 %的同源性 ,显示了极高的同源性 .但该基因与该室克隆的豆豉溶栓酶基因的同源性仅为 80 .1%,这表明纳豆激酶与豆豉溶栓酶确实不是同一种酶 .     

纳豆激酶基因导入番茄的研究

将来源于枯草芽孢杆菌的纳豆激酶(nattokinase,NK)基因转化到人类可以直接食用的,又非常喜爱的蔬菜—番茄中,得到在转录水平表达的转基因植株.通过根癌农杆菌EHA105介导,转化番茄的下胚轴,诱导愈伤组织形成及分化成幼苗,进而再生出完整植株.提取再生植株基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增检测,结果表明纳豆激酶基因已经成功整合到番茄植物基因组中.RT-PCR实验结果证明了纳豆激酶基因在转录水平上有表达.     

纳豆激酶基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中活性表达研究

以纳豆芽孢杆菌基因组DNA为模板，PCR扩增了纳豆激酶基因（natto kinase gene）中编码前肽、成熟肽的核苷酸序列（pro-NK），构建大肠杆菌表达质粒pTYB102，转化大肠杆菌ER2566。在IPTG诱导下，分别在15℃（14h）、30℃（3h）、37℃（2h）条件下培养，pTYB102均能表达出有活性的纳豆激酶。实验证实纳豆激酶基因得到活性表达需要Pro序列。SDS－PAGE表明，15℃和30℃和37℃培养表达的杂蛋白更少。薄层扫描测定表达的纳豆激酶占菌体总蛋白30％以上。     

以豆粕为原料固态发酵产纳豆激酶工艺的优化

以食品级豆粕为唯一培养基成分,通过纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵产纳豆激酶的培养基的优化实验,确定优化条件为:接种量5％,装量为40g于250 mL锥形瓶,培养基含水量60％,浸泡水pH 7.5,发酵温度37℃.在培养24h后达到产酶高峰,产酶活力达到1 662 FU/g.比较了在相同的发酵条件下,以食品级豆粕为培养基比大豆为培...     

纳豆激酶的高效表达研究进展

心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases,CVDs)已成为影响人类健康的主要疾病.纳豆激酶(nattokinase,简称NK)是一种由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)分泌表达的碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有较强的溶栓活性.文章主要就NK溶栓机理、高效表达方面进行论述,简要概述近年来NK高效表达研究进展,并对未来NK发展趋势进行展望.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌原生质体制备条件的研究

以纳豆芽孢杆菌ZJ-zx为出发菌株,利用溶菌酶进行原生质体制备,并对其制备条件进行了优化.结果表明:在溶菌酶质量浓度为0.6mg/mL、酶解时间为40min、酶解温度为35℃、渗透压稳定剂为0.7mol/L的条件下,制备原生质体的形成率为95.46%,再生率为15.83%,为下一步的诱变育种工作奠定了基础.     

纳豆菌微生态制剂的研究现状

纳豆菌是日本传统发酵食品纳豆的发酵菌种,是一种对人体无病原性的安全菌株,能耐盐、耐碱、耐高温及挤压,在制粒过程中及通过酸性胃环境均能保持高度的稳定性,是微生态制剂的理想菌株。     

纳豆菌I液体发酵生产纳豆激酶最佳培养基的筛选

利用纳豆菌I液体发酵生产纳豆激酶。对影响生产纳豆激酶的培养基的成分——碳源、氮源、碳氮比以及4种盐浓度进行了筛选。结果表明:当蔗糖3%,蛋白胨2%,KH2PO40.1%,K2HPO40.25%,MgSO40.05%,CaCl20.01%时纳豆菌I产酶效果最佳。     

Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin

Anthrax poses a clear and present danger as an agent of biological terrorism. Infection with Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, if untreated can result in rampant bacteraemia, multisystem dysfunction and death. Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) is a critical virulence factor of B. anthracis, which occurs as a complex of protective antigen and lethal factor. Here we demonstrate that LT severely impairs the function of dendritic cells--which are pivotal to the establishment of immunity against pathogens--and host immune responses by disrupting the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase intracellular signalling network. Dendritic cells exposed to LT and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide do not upregulate co-stimulatory molecules, secrete greatly diminished amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, and do not effectively stimulate antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Furthermore, injections of LT induce a profound impairment of antigen-specific T- and B-cell immunity. These data suggest a role for LT in suppressing host immunity during B. anthracis infections, and represent an immune evasion strategy, where a microbe targets MAP kinases in dendritic cells to disarm the immune response.     

凝结芽孢杆菌的生物学特性及其在水产养殖中的应用

凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)呈杆状,两端钝圆,为革兰氏阳性菌,能分解糖类生成L-乳酸,为同型乳酸发酵菌。凝结芽孢杆菌除具有和乳酸菌及双歧杆菌同样的营养和免疫功效外,还具有耐酸、耐热、耐盐、容易培养和保存的特点,在水产养殖中具有维持肠内的生态平衡,促进营养物质的吸收,提高机体免疫力,净化养殖水环境的作用。目前,凝结芽孢杆菌已作为饲料添加剂和水质改良剂在水产养殖中使用,具有很大的应用前景。     

T细胞抑制性受体及其免疫调节作用

 T 淋巴细胞在免疫系统中发挥细胞免疫、免疫调节等功能。然而, T 细胞的过度激活会导致疾病(如哮喘、系统性红斑狼疮等)的发生, 抑制T 细胞的过度激活是免疫治疗的重要研究方向。T 细胞抑制性受体可通过与其配体结合调控T 细胞增殖或功能发挥, 并在过敏性疾病、移植排斥等治疗中作为治疗靶点。因此, 进一步解析T 细胞抑制性受体的三维结构、配体-受体复合物组分及其下信游号通路将有助于免疫治疗的发展。本综述总结了GITR、CTLA-4、BTLA、PD-1、LAIR-1、TIM-3、TIGIT 等T 细胞抑制性受体的生理生化特性、与其配体结合后对T 细胞免疫功能的调节以及抗体药物的研究进展。     

Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin.

The tripartite toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, helps the bacterium evade the immune system and can kill the host during a systemic infection. Two components of the toxin enzymatically modify substrates within the cytosol of mammalian cells: oedema factor (OF) is an adenylate cyclase that impairs host defences through a variety of mechanisms including inhibiting phagocytosis; lethal factor (LF) is a zinc-dependent protease that cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and causes lysis of macrophages. Protective antigen (PA), the third component, binds to a cellular receptor and mediates delivery of the enzymatic components to the cytosol. Here we describe the cloning of the human PA receptor using a genetic complementation approach. The receptor, termed ATR (anthrax toxin receptor), is a type I membrane protein with an extracellular von Willebrand factor A domain that binds directly to PA. In addition, a soluble version of this domain can protect cells from the action of the toxin.     

Regulatory T-cell functions are subverted and converted owing to attenuated Foxp3 expression

The naturally occurring regulatory T cell (T(r)) is the pivotal cell type that maintains self-tolerance and exerts active immune suppression. The development and function of T(r) cells is controlled by Foxp3 (refs 1, 2), a lack of which results in loss of T(r) cells and massive multi-organ autoimmunity in scurfy mice and IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) patients. It is generally thought that, through a binary mechanism, Foxp3 expression serves as an on-and-off switch to regulate positively the physiology of T(r) cells; however, emerging evidence associates decreased Foxp3 expression in T(r) cells with various immune disorders. We hypothesized that Foxp3 regulates T(r) cell development and function in a dose-dependent, non-binary manner, and that decreased Foxp3 expression can cause immune disease. Here, by generating a mouse model in which endogenous Foxp3 gene expression is attenuated in T(r) cells, we show that decreased Foxp3 expression results in the development of an aggressive autoimmune syndrome similar to that of scurfy mice, but does not affect thymic development, homeostatic expansion/maintenance or transforming-growth-factor-beta-induced de novo generation of Foxp3-expressing cells. The immune-suppressive activities of T cells with attenuated Foxp3 expression were nearly abolished in vitro and in vivo, whereas their anergic properties in vitro were maintained. This was accompanied by decreased expression of T(r) cell 'signature genes'. Notably, T cells expressing decreased Foxp3 preferentially became T-helper 2 (T(h)2)-type effectors even in a T(h)1-polarizing environment. These cells instructed T(h)2 differentiation of conventional T cells, which contributed to the immune diseases observed in these mice. Thus, decreased Foxp3 expression causes immune disease by subverting the suppressive function of T(r) cells and converting T(r) cells into effector cells; these findings are important for understanding the regulation of T(r) cell function and the aetiology of various human immune diseases.     

玉屏风散对于单板U型场地项目运动员免疫能力影响的临床研究

研究论证玉屏风散对于单板U型场地项目运动员大强度训练免疫机能的影响.方法：以哈尔滨体育学院单板U型场地滑雪运动员为研究对象,运用临床试验法,以玉屏风散为干预手段,测试了NK细胞毒活性、IgG、IgM、IgA、IL-2等指标,研究论证玉屏风散对于运动员大强度训练免疫功能的调节作用,并对其作用机制进行初步研究探讨.结果：试验组NK细胞调节具备一定上升趋势;试验组试验后与试验前自身IgG、IgM、IL-2比较,显著上升,IgA具备一定上升趋势.对照组试验后免疫机能出现一定下降趋势.结论：运动员在低温大强度训练后可能会出现一定程度的免疫力降低,玉屏风散对于低温大强度训练的单板U型场地项目运动员免疫力具有一定增强作用.     

纳豆激酶液体发酵条件的优化

纳豆激酶是从日本传统食品内豆中提取出来的一种具有溶血栓功能的酶。笔者从市售纳豆中分离出一株能产纳豆激酶的菌株,并对之进行液体培养,发现在ｐＨ７．０,接种量为２％,种龄２４ｈ,装液量１０ｍＬ／１００ｍＬ,碳源为木糖,浓度为２％,氮源为大豆蛋白胨,浓度为３％的条件下,接种后第四天为产酶高峰期,最高产酶量可达到７８７．１尿激酶单位／ｍＬ发酵液。