卫星遥感植被地表温度空间特征的再认识

卫星遥感在监测陆面环境状况和估算陆面变量等领域有不可替代的优势,而卫星遥感估算的地表温度和植被指数产品在土壤墒情和干旱监测等方面有广泛的应用,该研究利用在不同时间尺度、空间尺度和不同土地覆盖类型上的植被指数和地表温度卫星遥感数据产品,分析了植被-地表温度空间中的散点分布形态特征.结果表明:在植被-地表温度空间中的散点分布形态受陆面多种因素影响,将其简化为三角形或梯形有失客观性,以此为基础,提出确定植被-地表温度空间中干边和湿边数值的方法.     

基于CLM模型的植被覆盖变化对黄土高原气温和降水的影响研究

黄土高原位于我国第二阶梯,地理环境复杂,生态环境脆弱。本文结合GIMMS/NDVI遥感数据与气象站点观测资料开展诊断分析研究,并将其与模型模拟试验相结合,通过这种方法来研究黄土高原地区植被覆盖与气温和降水之间的作用关系。研究结果表明,黄土高原地区的NDVI、气温和降水量均具有明显的季节变化特征;1982—2006年,区域滑动平均NDVI、气温和降水的线性变化斜率分别为5E-04/10a、0.061℃/10a和-0.492mm/10a;研究区域内NDVI与气温和降水的同期滑动平均相关系数分别为0.459和-0.23,且均存在较明显的空间差异。应用CLM陆面过程模型的模拟结果表明,植被覆盖增加后,植被覆盖发生变化地区的净短波辐射有所增加,净长波辐射有所减少,导致地表吸收净辐射有增加趋势;研究区域内的感热通量和潜热通量均有所增加,且潜热通量的增加更为明显,这可能对植被覆盖增加后气温的降低产生一定影响;研究区域内的土壤含水量和地表蒸散均呈增加变化,这可能导致降水增加。但是,植被覆盖增加对区域气温降低和降水增加的影响作用有限。     

条件植被温度指数在华北平原干旱监测中的应用

以华北平原部分地区为研究区域,应用MODIS多时段卫星遥感数据进行了归一化植被指数和地表温度的计算和反演,应用条件植被温度指数对研究区域2003-2006年每年5月上旬的干旱进行了监测.以监测结果为基础,在时间和空间分布上分析了研究区域的旱情.应用降水量数据和土壤表层含水量数据对干旱监测结果进行了验证,结果表明VTCI与最近1个月的降水量具有显著的线性相关性,VTCI与土壤表层含水量有较好的线性相关性,验证了VTCI是一种近实时的干旱监测方法.     

西北干旱区玉米农田光合作用对地表能量平衡的影响

基于"黑河流域生态-水文过程综合遥感观测联合试验"的涡动相关通量观测数据与气象资料,拟合了张掖地区玉米农田的土壤呼吸速率,估算玉米的植物光合作用,分析光合作用对地表能量闭合率的影响.结果显示:张掖地区玉米农田土壤呼吸速率与4 cm深度的土壤温度和土壤水分相关性最大,选取该深度处土壤温度和水分拟合土壤呼吸速率.土壤温度和土壤水分的单因子拟合模型均不适用于6月下旬玉米农田土壤呼吸速率拟合,确定了以土壤温度和土壤水分为双因子的非线性双幂模型及其参数.考虑植物光合作用时,地表能量闭合率的提升幅度为2.0%～3.5%,平均约2.7%.植物光合作用与土壤呼吸作用均表现出明显的单峰日变化趋势,前者峰值比后者提前近2 h;与土壤呼吸作用相比,植物光合作用日变化剧烈,变化幅度也较强.准确拟合土壤呼吸速率对植物光合作用估算有很大影响,对于地表能量闭合率研究,植物光合作用的贡献不容忽略.     

基于EOS/MODIS数据的土壤水分遥感监测方法

美国国家航空航天局(NASA)自1991年开始实施对地观测系统(EOS)计划以来,EOS/MODIS传感器的高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率、适中的空间分辨率等特点使其在干旱监测中具有突出的优势.纵观近年来国内外基于EOS/MODIS资料遥感监测土壤水分的理论、方法的发展和应用特点,可以分为5类:①基于植被指数类的遥感干旱监测方法,如简单植被指数、比值植被指数、归一化植被指数、增强植被指数、归一化水分指数法、距平植被指数等;②基于红外的遥感干旱监测方法,如垂直干旱指数法、修正的垂直干旱指数法等;③基于地表温度(LST)的遥感干旱监测方法,如热惯量法、条件温度指数、归一化差值温度指数、表观热惯量植被干旱指数等;④基于植被指数和温度的遥感干旱监测方法,如条件植被温度指数、植被温度梯形指数、温度植被干旱指数模型等;⑤基于植被与土壤的遥感监测方法,如地表含水量指数作物缺水指数法等.重点介绍了目前生物、物理意义较明显,比较成熟和广泛应用的基于可见光与热红外波段的改进型垂直干旱指数法(MPDI)、作物缺水指数法(CWSI)、地表含水量指数法(SWCI)、热惯量法(ATI)等;对各种遥感监测土壤水分方法的优缺点做出评价;指出利用高分辨率卫星资料(如EOS/MODIS和中国发射的风云三号极轨气象卫星250 m分辨率资料)进行农业干旱监测研究将成为主要的研究方向,"土壤-作物-大气"多圈层立体监测、多学科的融合将是解决提高旱情定量化监测精度、使之实用化和业务化的必由之路:最后,展望了遥感监测土壤水分的发展前景.     

利用土壤水分特征点组分温差假设模拟地表蒸散

提出了一个土壤水分变化过程对土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾以及土壤温度、叶片温度的影响存在较明显差异的假设,利用双层能量平衡模型推导出3个水分特征点(湿润、干旱和由湿到干的转折点)的组分温差(土壤温度减去叶片温度)公式,利用特征点的辐射温度和实际测量的红外温度间的关系来计算实际显热和潜热通量.用2001年北京顺义区实验期间的观测数据对本方法进行了验证,结果表明,用本方法能在只有一个角度的遥感温度数据情况下获取精度较高、误差较小的地表蒸散模拟结果.该法在分解植被蒸腾、土壤蒸发以及监测表层土壤和根区土壤旱情方面有很大的潜力.     

区域地表水热通量遥感的空间不均匀性分析

针对区域地表水热通量遥感的尺度问题,详细分析了地表水热过程的空间异质性成因,阐明由于对地表水热过程的机理认识和参数化的水平限制,脱离具体问题而严格遵循水热机理过程来模拟空间绝对详尽的区域水热通量不可行也不必要.文中引入尺度曲线,分析了地表参数空间异质性和遥感观测能力之间的空间尺度权衡关系,定性解释了二者尺度曲线的交点有助于确定区域地表水热通量遥感的尺度.最后通过实例建议了基于多尺度一致性指数比较的方法,可用以判断地表水热通量的空间异质性.研究表明,可行并可信地估算区域尺度地表水热通量,须考虑地表参数的空间尺度特征,权衡遥感观测的有限性与水热过程的复杂性.     

东北半干旱地区辐射收支与地表能量分析——以锦州地区为例

本研究利用2015年锦州通量观测站实测资料,对东北半干旱地区的地表辐射收支、能量平衡、地表反照率和能量闭合度等方面进行分析,得出以下结论:锦州地区向下短波辐射、地面向上短波辐射和地面向上长波辐射有明显的日变化特征,而大气向下长波辐射没有.该地区8月午后易产生对流云,致使向下短波辐射日变化在午后有明显波动.净辐射平均积分值8月为12.7 MJ/m~2, 12月为-0.9 MJ/m~2,冬季全天均由土壤向地表传递能量,所以夏季盈余的能量可能储存到深层土壤,在冬季释放.感热和潜热随净辐射有相同的增减趋势,日变化并不平滑,有多个峰值.平均地表反照率12月(0.21)明显高于8月(0.18).受不同天气条件影响,在不同季节,各辐射分量的日变化特征不同.降水通过改变土壤湿度会对感热、潜热和地表反照率产生影响.采用过原点和有截距两种不同的拟合方法来评估锦州冬夏的能量闭合度,对比结果发现,冬季能量闭合度均远低于夏季.     

基于Landsat8影像的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法比较

植被覆盖度在生态环境中扮演着非常重要的角色,遥感影像可以反映不同空间尺度的植被覆盖信息及其变化的趋势,因此,遥感监测是获取区域植被覆盖度参数的重要的手段。在前人研究基础上,本文结合现有数据,选择Landsat8数据作为植被覆盖度估算的研究数据,通过像素的二元模型和线性像素的混合模型估算铜川地区的植被覆盖度, Geoland2植被覆盖率数据集用于验证两种模型的估算结果。     

利用MODIS数据估算晴空半干旱地表潜热通量

为研究我国半干旱区域地表潜热通量分布特征, 建立了一套不需要将地面气象观测数据作为输入而仅用卫星数据来估算晴空条件下半干旱地表潜热能量的方案。该方案设计了针对半干旱地表的净辐射通量参数化方法和土壤热通量估算模型, 利用S-SEBI模型计算蒸发比率, 根据能量平衡原理得到潜热通量。基于MODIS陆地和大气产品, 利用该方案进行潜热通量估算研究,并采用2003, 2004和2005年6?11月间退化草地和农田晴空数据进行验证。与地面站点观测数据对比结果表明该方案能有效计算地表潜热通量: 在退化草地和农田两个站点上, 该方案计算的地表潜热通量的均方根误差分别为60.4和64.6 W/m², 平均偏差分别为18.6和32.4 W/m²。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.