岩溶石漠化区表土孢粉组合对比研究——以重庆南川区南平镇为例

根据表土孢粉分析和植被样方调查,重庆南平地区5个不同植被类型的表土孢粉分析较好地揭示了石漠化地区孢粉组合特点及其与植被的关系.通过对该区表土孢粉组合特征的对比研究,探讨了影响表土孢粉与现代植被对应关系的主要因素,即外来孢粉、孢粉产量、孢粉保存和孢粉鉴定等.运用LuoPacias孢粉鉴定系统将孢粉鉴定到种,共132种,为在这一地区开展第四纪古植被、古气候和古环境等研究提供参考性依据.     

四川省道孚地区第四纪湖积剖面孢粉组合特征及古植被、古气候重建

通过对道孚县第四纪湖积剖面孢粉样分析,根据样品中孢粉百分含量的变化和种类的不同将其划分出3个组合带,并依次论述了其组合特征;另外根据孢粉组合特征分析了该区49.2万a以来的古植被、古气候的变迁与演化。结果表明,该区古植被、古气候经历了3个阶段的演化。     

根据孢粉组合探讨干旱区晚更新世以来的古环境特殊性

本文根据巴坤湖ＺＫ－０２４孔的孢粉分析结果和１４Ｃ测年数据研究对比，总结归纳出巴坤盆地晚更新世以来的孢粉组合序列概貌，并划分为六个孢粉组合带，在大陆性气候控制下的新疆，晚更新世以来干湿冷暖配置状况与东部地区相反。从孢粉分析来看，尽管存在短时间由暖湿或冷干气候控制新疆的可能性。但是，干暖或冷湿的是新疆干旱区晚更新世以来气候变迁的一般规律。     

典型石漠化区不同植被表土孢粉组合的生态指示意义

通过对南平4个不同植被类型的表土样品的孢粉分析,得出了该区的表土孢粉组合特征.结果显示:研究区内的表土孢粉组合中草本植物占据优势,乔木主要为马尾松,灌木的种类和数量都很少,显示该区植被退化严重,表现出石漠化地区孢粉组合的显著特点.研究区内不同植被类型的表土孢粉组合差别明显,但与其相应的实际植被情况大致相同,能够较好地反映出石漠化地区现代植被的基本状况.表土孢粉组合中有很多喜钙性、旱生性、石生性植物,对生态恢复和重建有很好的指示意义,为该区恢复和重建自然生态环境提供参考性依据.     

现代花粉过程与第四纪环境研究若干问题讨论

花粉现代过程研究对正确解释地层花粉谱，定量恢复古植被、古气候至关重要，但目前的研究在许多方面仍存在一些问题.如花粉产量的差异决定着花粉对植被的代表性，但花粉产量研究至今仍无突破性进展，作者建议开展花粉通量研究以获得某一植被区的花粉产量；花粉传播和搬运的途径不同，其散布的距离和方向，以及沉积过程是完全不同的.风是花粉最主要的传播动力之一，季风气候区应考虑尘暴和粉尘作用对花粉组合的影响；河水是花粉搬运的另一种重要方式，冲积物花粉由于河流搬运花粉过程中存在再均匀、再搬运及分选作用，所以国际学术界关于冲积物花粉存在着一些争议.作者认为冲积物花粉反映的是取样点上游流域的植被特征；湖泊花粉反映的是该湖泊整个流域不同植被类型的混合，因而对花粉谱的解释有更多的不确定性.湖泊花粉应考虑花粉的沉积动力和花粉的来源；许多因素都可影响甚至决定花粉在土壤中的保存状况.实验表明土壤pH值7.6以上时，花粉浓度急剧减少，因此土壤花粉应考虑花粉的保存和埋藏过程等问题；花粉与植被关系是花粉现代过程研究的关键，由于较少进行植物和群落生态特征调查，因而，利用孢粉资料恢复古植被多数只能分辨到植被带，这使得孢粉与植被关系定量研究很难有突破性进展.作者建议应加强生态群落花粉组合研究，并重视植物群落生态调查；作者对中国北方花粉与植被关系研究表明，不能将草本与乔木花粉共存的花粉组合一概视为森林草原植被，当乔木花粉达30%以上时应考虑为森林植被.花粉与气候研究应改进和完善现有气候模拟方法的不足和缺陷，或创建新的模拟方法， 并加强较小尺度花粉与气候的定量关系的研究.     

云南大理点苍山地区晚更新世以来的古植被和古气候

根据云南大理点苍山地区晚更新世沉积地层中的古植被的孢粉化石鉴定，结合孢粉图示的综合分析以及孢粉组合带的划分，探讨了该地区自晚更新世以来古植被的演替过程，并在此基础之上对古气候的波动过程进行了初步推测，结论显示自122-118Ka.BP的湿热气候期之后，该地区的气候演变经历了7次从冷-湿热的气候波动旋回。     

杭嘉湖平原全新世沉积的孢粉组合及其意义

本文通过对杭嘉湖平原六个钻孔的全新世沉积的孢粉分析,揭示了本区全新世沉积的六个孢粉组合,它们自下而上分别为:(1)松属、栎属、禾本科孢粉组合;(2)栎属、松属、禾本科孢粉组合;(3)青刚栎属、栲属、栎属、藜科孢粉组合;(4)松属、栎属、禾本科、藜科孢粉组合;(5)栎属、青刚栎属、栲属,禾本科孢粉组合(6)栎属、禾本科、水龙骨科孢粉组合.这六个孢粉组合反映了本地区全新世时期存在着六个古植被演变阶段和相应的六次气候波动,为本地区全新世地层划分提供了重要依据.     

杭嘉湖平原全新世沉积的孢粉组合及其意义

本文通过对杭嘉湖平原六个钻孔的全新世沉积的孢粉分析,揭示了本区全新世沉积的六个孢粉组合,它们自下而上分别为:(1)松属、栎属、禾本科孢粉组合;(2)栎属、松属、禾本科孢粉组合;(3)青刚栎属、栲属、栎属、藜科孢粉组合;(4)松属、栎属、禾本科、藜科孢粉组合;(5)栎属、青刚栎属、栲属,禾本科孢粉组合(6)栎属、禾本科、水龙骨科孢粉组合。这六个孢粉组合反映了本地区全新世时期存在着六个古植被演变阶段和相应的六次气候波动,为本地区全新世地层划分提供了重要依据。     

黄骅拗陷滩海地区沙河街组孢粉组合

目的 由于黄骅拗陷滩海地区下第三系沙河街组孢粉化石研究相对较为薄弱。方法 根据沙河街组所产孢粉化石的特征，讨论了孢粉组合的时代。结果 建立了1个孢粉组合和3个亚组合，即栎粉属Q-uercoidites高含量组合(Q．microhenrici-U.minor亚组合，Ephedripites-Rutaceoipollis-Meliaceoidites亚组合和Quercoidites-Labitricolpites亚组合)。结论 该地区古植被类型由落叶针叶林逐渐转变为落叶阔叶草原型的植物群；古气候经历了半干旱、潮湿的亚热带气候到温暖带-亚热带气候至半干旱的暖温型气候。     

山东莱芜煤田二叠纪孢粉组合特征及其地质时代讨论

通过时莱芜煤田二叠纪孢粉组合的分析研究，建立了本区二叠纪三个孢粉组合带，即１。Ｇｕｌｉｓｐｏｒｉｌｅｓ－Ｓｉｎｕｌａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ组合；２．Ｆｌｏｒｉｎｉｔｅｓ－ＣｒａｎｕｌａｔｉＳｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ组合，３．Ｐａｔｅｌｌｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｍｅｉｓｈａ－ｎｅｍｓｉｓ－Ｖｅｓｉｃａｓｐｌｒａｆｕｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ－Ｖｉｒｔｒｅｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ组合。该三个孢粉组合分别反映山西组、下石盒子组及上石盒子组的孢粉组合面貌。     

Pollen assemblage characteristics of lakes in the monsoon fringe area of China

This paper presents the pollen assemblages from 108 surface sediment samples from 4 lakes （the Lake Daihai, Lake Hongjiannao, Lake Hulunnao and Lake Duikounao） in the monsoon fringe area of China. The herb pollen taxa Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae and Compositae are the major components of pollen assemblages of the 4 lakes and Pinus, Betula, Quercus, Ulmus, Populus, Ostryopsis and Elaeagnaceae are frequently presented, which reflect regional and local vegetation well. The mean similarity coefficients for samples from the Lake Daihai, Lake Hongjiannao, Lake Hulunnao and Lake Duikounao are 0.66±0.17, 0.71±0.11,0.73±0.12 and 0.67±0.12 respectively, so pollen assemblages are relatively consistent in each lake, which shows that focusing and mixing effects have occurred before and after pollen deposition. However, pollen assemblages do differ between sampling sites in each lake. The largest difference is seen in the Lake Daihai, followed by the Lake Duikounao, Lake Hulunnao and Lake Hongjiannao （The mean Euclidean distance is 20.09 ± 11.11, 11.22 ± 3.64, 10.67 ± 4.03 and 8.44 ± 4.51 respectively）. These differences are possibly caused by the differences of focusing and mixing effects, pollen source areas, drainage areas and regional vegetation compositions. The Lake Daihai and Lake Hongjiannao have water deeper than 5 m and strong re-suspension, focusing and mixing effects occur in the lakeshore and shallow water areas, where pollen concentrations are lower than in deeper lake areas. In the Lake Hulunnao and Lake Duikounao, with depths less than 5 m, re-suspension and mixing effects are obvious across the whole lake area, so pollen assemblages and pollen concentrations are more consistent among sampling sites in each lake. Comparison between the lake samples and samples from the inflowing river reveals that wind is primary pollen transportation force in the Lake Hongjiannao, where the consistency of pollen assemblage is conspicuous, while there is greater variation in lakes where pollen input is do     

Pollen transport in the Shiyang River drainage,arid China

In order to assess the contribution of the pollen transported by wind and fluvial flows to the pollen spectra in Shiyang River drainage,a typical small endorheic drainage in arid lands of northwest China, preliminary studies on modern pollen rain along two transects with 91 surface soil samples, 8 atmospheric samples, 30 modern fluvial flow samples and 50 riverbed mud samples, were carried out.Results show that dispersal agents (air, flowing water) have dissimilar effects on transport of pollen and the structure of pollen spectra. Fluvial flow has a stronger capacity thanwind to transport large quantities of pollen over long dis-tances. Pollen transported by fluvial flow makes a large con-tribution to the pollen spectra of riverbed alluvial sediments.Paleoenvironmental reconstructions undertaken using pollen spectra from fluvial sediments in arid lands are strongly influenced by pollen transport. Therefore, the sources, the transportation agents and the depositional condition of pol-len should be systematically investigated before pollen as-semblages are used to derive the environmental significance in such settings.     

Modern pollen-vegetation relationship based on discriminant analysis across an altitudinal transect on Gongga Mountain, eastern Tibetan Plateau

Quantitative relationship between modern pollen assemblage and altitudinal vegetation belt is crucial for the reconstruction of paleovegetation in the mountain regions.Modern pollen analysis on 70 topsoil samples was conducted across an altitudinal transect(1100-4500 m) on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the eastern Tibetan Plateau with an elevation interval of 50 m.Distributions of major pollen types along the transect indicated a weak correlation between Pinus pollen and the elevation.Distributions of Picea and Abies pollen(percentage sum of 2%-8%) could fairly indicate the elevation range of 2700-3700 m,as well as the subalpine dark coniferous forest and the timberline in the region.High percentage intervals of alpine types of Ericaceae,Cupressaceae and Cyperaceae were correlated to the high-elevation regions(3700-4500 m) dominated by alpine shrub meadow and alpine meadow.Seven altitudinal vegetation belts on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain were well defined by discriminant analysis conducted on the modern pollen assemblages,as reflected by high values of probability of modern analog.Most of the modern pollen assemblages(88.5%) were typical for the vegetation types at their sampling locations.Thus,the relationship between the modern pollen assemblages and vegetation across the altitudinal transect based on discriminant analysis can be applied to the quantitative reconstruction of paleovegetation changes in the mountain regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.     

Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

Fifty-six surface pollen samples from different vegetation zones in the Yili Basin,western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang were analyzed to examine the relationships between the surface pollen assemblages and the original vegetation.A pollen analysis and a vegetation investigation with a discriminant analysis show that the pollen assemblages greatly differ across disparate vegetation zones.Twelve pollen taxa can be used as significant types for vegetation reconstruction in the basin.These taxa were the most abundant in the surface pollen samples.Cupressaceae pollen percentages were greater than 1%in Cupressaceae shrubs.More than5%of Picea pollen indicates the growth of a Picea forest within 5 km.The subalpine meadow that is distributed widely in the basin is characterized by high content of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Picea,Asteraceae,Taraxacum and Arenaria pollen types.The Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Poaceae-Cannabaceae pollen assemblages indicate the presence of montane steppe in the area.Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen dominate the desert steppe and Populus forest.Artemisia pollen percentages were greater than 60%in the Artemisia desert,whereas Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages exceeded 65%in the Chenopodiaceae desert.The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C)ratios reflect the vertical moisture changes in the Yili Basin.The mean A/C ratios were greater than 1.2 in the subalpine meadow and montane steppe that occupy the humid zone in the basin.These ratios were between1 and 1.2 in the Cupressaceae shrubs,desert steppe,Populus forest and floodplain meadow.The ratios were less than 0.5 in the Chenopodiaceae desert,which is an arid environment.     

Relationships between vegetation and stomata, and between vegetation and pollen surface soil in Yunnan, Southwest China

Surface pollen and stomata of 61 samples collected in a study area ranging from tropical seasonal rainforest to oak forest(Quercus spinosa) in the Yulong Snow Mountain region in Yunnan,China,are used to distinguish vegetation communities.The results show that tropical seasonal rainforest(and mountain rainforest),south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,and Quercus shrub are distinguished effectively from other vegetation types by analysis of surface pollen.The south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,Pinus kesiya forest and evergreen broadleaf forest are distinguished effectively from other types of vegetation by pollen analysis.However,P.yunnanensis forest is not distinguished from other vegetation types,and P.armandii,P.densata forest and temperate deciduous conifer mixed forest are not distinguished.The over-representation of Pinus pollen is the main reason that these vegetation communities are not distinguished from each other.Conifer stomata analysis is an effective tool for identifying and distinguishing different types of coniferous forest,and this method performs well even with a small number of sampling points.     

Vegetation reconstruction of Bronze Age by using microscopic structure of charcoals

The microscopic structure of charcoals was determined in two sites of Bronze Age, Chifeng area by using the scanning electronic microscope. The results showed that these charcoals are all timbers of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica). It has powerful climatic indicative significance. Based on the assemblage of pollen composition, their eco-climatic index and character of community, the vegetation reconstruction of Bronze Age was obtained. The reconstruction showed that the zonal vegetation was Mongolian oak forest and Chinese pine forest in the loess hills in the Chifeng area, which suggested that the climatic condition was warmer and wetter at that time than present time.     

合肥地区第四纪孢粉组合及古植被、古气候研究

本文孢粉组合是从合肥地区城建施工单位工程钻孔中获得。根据,木本、草本、和蕨类植物在钻孔剖面中的变化规律,分两个孢粉组合带。 第一组合带,木本植物占17.62％,乔木层中的落叶阔叶层片以栎、榆、桦为主要树种,针叶层片中以松属,油杉属为优势树种,蕨类植物与草本植物计占15—70％,以蕨类中的卷柏,紫萁,水龙骨及草本类的禾本科,菊科,蒿属,十字花科为草木本层中的主要成分,低洼的地沼水域中繁殖大量环纹藻。 第二组合带的第一亚组合,木本植物的属种明显下降,其含量则上升为38—94％乔木层非常单调,松属几乎独占了贫脊的山岗坡地,蕨类植物踪迹稀少,禾本科、毛莨科、蒿属,豆科等草本层散生于河谷岸边及低矮的坡地。 第二亚组合,木本植物占27—56％,乔木层中:针叶层片内以松属,油杉属为建群主要树种,落叶阔叶层片只占3.3—9.0％,栎、柳、胡桃、枫杨、榆、漆树等均有一定含量。蕨类和草本植物占2.5—14 5％,蕨类植物类型较少,水龙骨为植被中的常见物种,草本类以禾本科,毛莨科,蒿属为主,其它属种出现不多,这个阶段草本层仍不大兴旺。 以上两个组合带中末发现冷杉,云杉的踪影,桦属含量极低,植被反映为温湿或温凉的气候,因此两个组合不可能为晚冰期,其地层时代应晚于晚更新世,这样可确认合肥地区为全新世晚期,     

内江城区现代孢粉组合及其与植被关系

通过内江城区5个样点表土花粉组合特征及其与植物群落关系的分析,结果表明:(1)花粉组合中木本植物花粉占59. 6%,木本植物与草本植物花粉比值(AP/NAP)约为1. 5;以松属、桤木属和蒿属为主。(2)城郊荒地花粉组合与母体植被能较好地对应,老城公园花粉组合基本能反映母体植被中优势种,城中小丘花粉组合难以反映植物群落的数量特征;随着人类活动干扰程度增强,花粉组合与母体植被的对应关系减弱。(3)主要花粉类型中松属、桤木属和蒿属花粉具超代表性;棕榈科、栾树属、禾本科和榕属花粉具低代表性。可为四川盆地及相似地区环境考古和花粉过敏症研究提供基础数据和参考资料。     

Surface pollen assemblages as indicators of human impact in the warm temperate hilly areas of eastern China

Investigation of 78 surface pollen samples from warm temperate hilly areas of eastern China shows that pollen assemblages in areas of different land use are significantly different. Pollen concentrations in wastelands are higher than in plantations; these, in turn, are higher than in farmlands; implying that pollen concentration decreases with increasing human impact. Arboreal pollen dominated by Pinus and Quercus is common in all samples. Herbaceous pollen percentages are higher while shrub pollen, fern spores and fern allies are lower in farmlands than in wastelands. Crop pollen is only detectable in and near farmlands; its percentages and concentrations decrease in wastelands. Cereal and Cruciferae pollen percentages average 16.7% and 6.7% in farmland respectively, but Cereal reduces to less than 3% and Cruciferae to less than 0.5% in nearby wastelands. Principle coordinates analysis and clustering analysis indicate that pollen assemblages from farmlands are distinguishable from those under other vegetation types. Occurrence of Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and Compositae pollen and Selaginella sinensis spores are closely related to human activities, and their types and frequencies indicate intensity of human impact. The spatial distribution of crops, Chenopodiaceae, and Artemisia reflects changes in both natural environments and human activities. Percentages of cereal and Cruciferae pollen, for example, increase with decreasing altitude, but decrease with increasing latitude. Understanding pollen assemblages under artificial and human-disturbed vegetation in hilly areas may aid understanding of human impacts on the plains during the early-middle Holocene.     

西北干旱区黑河上中游地区不同海拔高度农田表土花粉组合特征

通过对黑河流域上中游地区43个农田表土样品的孢粉分析,探讨了该流域不同类型农田的表土花粉组合特征.结果显示:农作物花粉是农田花粉组合的主要成分,平均百分含量为43.6%;农作物以外的草本花粉平均百分含量为50.4%,其中旱生草本以藜科(平均21.1%)为主,湿/中生草本以禾本科(平均8.3%)、蒿属(平均6.6%)、菊科(平均5.2%)为主,也出现了少量豆科、毛茛科、唇形科等多种杂草花粉;农田中乔木(平均1.6%)和灌木(平均4.3%)花粉百分含量较低.种植的农作物不同,其花粉组合特征亦有差别:油菜地中油菜花粉百分含量平均为85.8%,占绝对优势,而其他草本花粉百分含量很少;苜蓿地、玉米地、小麦地以及混作地花粉组合以农作物以外的草本花粉为主,农作物花粉次之.农田花粉组合与海拔高度的关系表明:藜科花粉百分含量在2600m以下随海拔的升高而略有降低,海拔超过2600m以后快速降低,其变化可能与油菜花粉的高产量有关;蒿属花粉百分含量随海拔的升高呈增加趋势,海拔超过2800m以后降低;十字花科(油菜)花粉主要出现在2000m以上,峰值出现在2800m;人工禾本科花粉(≥40μm)则出现在海拔2000m以下,这与绿洲农...