福建省南靖乐土亚热带雨林探讨

本文分析了南靖和溪的自然条件和群落特征,讨论了南靖县和溪乐土森林群落是否应由原定的“亚热带雨林”改称“亚热带常绿季雨林”的有关问题。结果说明“亚热带雨林”的划分是恰当的,它符合群落学分类原则,比划分为“亚热带常绿季雨林”更符合和溪植被的实际。和溪亚热带雨林,是与我国南亚热带环境相适应的、相对稳定的地带性植被代表之一。     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林及其生态意义

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区地处华中武陵山脉中段,110°06′50″E-110°21′35″和28°42′15″-28°53′15″N之间,面积3 520 hm²,是我国常绿阔叶林保存比较完好的区域.初步研究结果表明该区常绿阔叶林主要包括钩栗林、湘西青冈林、巴东木莲林、利川润楠林、甜槠林、栲-银木荷林、湘西石栎林等,具备我国亚热带常绿阔叶林的一般特征,同时又具有较强的湿热特性和热带亲缘,可视为我国低海拔常绿阔叶林的典型代表,有利于我国亚热带地区生物多样性保护和生态环境维持.小溪常绿阔叶林不仅物种极为丰富,而且还拥有大量珍稀、孑遗和特有植物类群以及保存和孕育这些珍稀或特有种的河谷特殊生境,对研究我国乃至全球亚热带常绿阔叶林,揭示常绿阔叶林形成、分化,特别是河谷特殊生境物种多样性形成及其维持机制具有重要的理论意义与实践价值.     

京杭大运河沿线第四纪植被变迁分析

京杭大运河是世界上开凿最早、规模最大、里程最长的人工河流。笔者以运河区域内第四纪古植物证据为基础,对孢粉植物群的组成、区系成分和生态功能类型进行了分析,对第四纪植被进行了重建。结果显示：该区域共有陆地植物105科;植物区系以温带成分为基本骨架,具有温带和热带过渡性质,反映出干湿交替、冷暖更替和水陆镶嵌的古环境特点。点多样性指数显示,北部为22～68个科（属）,南部为65～117个科（属）。孢粉植物群划分为13个生态功能类型。运河沿线中全新世森林植被自北而南分为凉温带针阔混交林、温带落叶阔叶林、暖温带常绿落叶阔叶混交林,以及亚热带常绿阔叶林4个植被带。影响运河沿线第四纪植被变迁的主要因素有第三纪植物遗存、第四纪气候变迁和早期人类活动等。     

基于3S技术的宁波市东部区域常绿阔叶林动态初步研究

利用3S技术,对宁波1974～2009年间6个时相的Landsat卫星遥感数据进行土地利用和植被类型分类,提取相邻年份不同植被类型与常绿阔叶林转化的区域,并计算每种类型对常绿阔叶林的转化率.研究结果表明,自然演替规律和经济利益驱动是促成常绿阔叶林37年间动态变化的主要原因;在不受人为影响的条件下,它最易与常绿一落叶阔叶混交林和针叶阔叶混交林相互转化.在此基础上,测算每个时期转入为常绿阔叶林的植被类型与同时期保持为常绿阔叶林类型的距离,并计算5个时期的总平均值.将其按植被类型排序为:针叶阔叶混交林＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞毛竹林＞针叶林＞园地＞灌丛＞农田.分析结果显示,种源传播和用地历史是影响退化常绿阔叶林群落次生演替方向的关键因素.     

公路绿化带植物群落特征与土壤理化特性

应用野外调查与室内分析方法,分析比较了新建公路绿化带(<1 a)、旧建公路(15 a)绿化带以及研究区内针叶林和两类不同年龄常绿阔叶林的植物群落结构、生物多样性和土壤理化性质。结果表明,新路绿化带植物群落的群落结构最简单,旧路绿化带植物群落次之;与常绿阔叶林群落相比,公路绿化带植物群落的生物多样性较低,尤其是木本植物的物种多样性降低明显。新、旧公路绿化带土壤受扰动严重,土壤容重较大,粗砂粒含量偏高,粘粒含量偏低,新路尤为突出;新、旧公路绿化带植物群落土壤有机质含量和土壤速效养分含量相对其他三种植物群落偏低,新路绿化带相差较大,旧路绿化带相对新路绿化带稍有恢复。     

西双版纳主要林型冠层球蛛多样性比较

为比较西双版纳热带地区不同林型冠层蜘蛛多样性的差异,2007年7-8月,采用冠层喷雾法收集冠层蜘蛛,并以冠层球蛛科蜘蛛为代表进行多样性分析,并以球蛛的种类和数量分布为属性进行典范对应分析（CCA）和聚类分析,探讨不同类型植被与冠层蜘蛛多样性的关系.选择西双版纳勐仑镇5种主要林型（热带季节雨林、石灰山季节雨林、山地常绿阔叶林、人工纯林和橡胶林）为研究样地,每种林型设置4个样方,共计20个样方.共采集成熟球蛛标本944头121种,其中热带季节雨林66种,石灰山季节雨林63种,山地常绿阔叶林48种,人工纯林39种,橡胶林27种.研究结果表明,不同林型冠层球蛛物种数量随植被受干扰程度的增加而减少,而个体密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数随着植被群落结构的简化和人为干扰的加强而呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,说明森林简单化和严重的人为干扰会降低冠层蜘蛛的物种多样性.因此,我国热带地区橡胶林的快速增长将阻碍冠层蜘蛛物种扩散与基因交流,增加物种局部灭绝的风险,对生物多样性造成威胁.而适当增加橡胶林的植被群落结构（如：橡胶林种植茶树）,保留地表植被,减少人为干扰,对保持冠层蜘蛛多样性具有重要意义.     

Vegetation evolution and its response to climatic change during 3.15–0.67 Ma in deep-sea pollen record from northern South China Sea

In order to study vegetation evolution and environmental change during 3.15-0.67 Ma,a total of 608 pollen samples with an average time resolution of 4 ka has been analyzed from ODP Site 1145(water depth 3175 m),northern South China Sea.The deep-sea sediments(213.62-91.9 m) cover from 3.15 to 0.67 Ma based on micropaleonotological stratigraphy.The characteristic features of the pollen diagram include that,pollen influx rises twice obviously around 2.58 Ma and during 2.0-1.8 Ma,in response to global climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement.Before 2.58 Ma,tropical and subtropical vegetation,mainly evergreen Quercus(E) and Altingia,predominated around northern SCS with much more tropical montane conifers and ferns relatively.From 2.58 Ma,temperate vegetation increased obviously,implying climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement.Spectral analysis shows that percentage variation in tropical and subtropical taxa has a strong 20 ka procession cycle probably due to the summer monsoon;while pollen influx has 100,41 and 19 ka cycles,indicating the sea level and winter monsoon change response to the ice-sheet variations.     

Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

Fifty-six surface pollen samples from different vegetation zones in the Yili Basin,western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang were analyzed to examine the relationships between the surface pollen assemblages and the original vegetation.A pollen analysis and a vegetation investigation with a discriminant analysis show that the pollen assemblages greatly differ across disparate vegetation zones.Twelve pollen taxa can be used as significant types for vegetation reconstruction in the basin.These taxa were the most abundant in the surface pollen samples.Cupressaceae pollen percentages were greater than 1%in Cupressaceae shrubs.More than5%of Picea pollen indicates the growth of a Picea forest within 5 km.The subalpine meadow that is distributed widely in the basin is characterized by high content of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Picea,Asteraceae,Taraxacum and Arenaria pollen types.The Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Poaceae-Cannabaceae pollen assemblages indicate the presence of montane steppe in the area.Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen dominate the desert steppe and Populus forest.Artemisia pollen percentages were greater than 60%in the Artemisia desert,whereas Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages exceeded 65%in the Chenopodiaceae desert.The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C)ratios reflect the vertical moisture changes in the Yili Basin.The mean A/C ratios were greater than 1.2 in the subalpine meadow and montane steppe that occupy the humid zone in the basin.These ratios were between1 and 1.2 in the Cupressaceae shrubs,desert steppe,Populus forest and floodplain meadow.The ratios were less than 0.5 in the Chenopodiaceae desert,which is an arid environment.     

Paleoenvironmental information recorded by pollen in B-3GC gravity core in Okinawa Trough

Based on pollen records in B-3GC gravity core, environmental change since 9500 aBP of Okinawa Trough and its adjacent islands was derived. The result showed that the most time during this period was in a warm temperate climate except in middle Holocene (6800-4400 aBP) that was under subtropical climate control. During 9500–8300 aBP and 3100–2000 aBP periods, it appeared colder and drier than the rest time. The original area of pollen sources surrounding Okinawa Trough was covered by evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest alternatively with mixed broad-leaf-conifer forest distributed in high mountainous areas. Usually, these three kinds of forests existed at the same time with difference in altitude. Pollen from subtropical and tropical plants increased obviously in about 5000–6000 aBP, reflecting a great lifting of vegetation zone and expansion of evergreen broad-leaf forest in the study area. However, there was a slight descending of plant zone and shrinking of evergreen broadleaf forest during 9500-8300 aBP and 3000-2000 aBP. During the remaining periods vegetation zone was higher than the present but in a limited range.     

广西不同气候条件下马尾松人工林木本植物组成及多样性特征

马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林广泛分布于我国南部,为了理解马尾松人工林在不同气候条件下的响应特点和分布特征,以中国广西中亚热带、南亚热带和北热带不同气候条件下马尾松人工林的幼龄林、中龄林和过熟林阶段为研究对象,比较分析不同气候条件下马尾松人工林木本植物物种组成及多样性特征。结果表明:(1)所研究的7个林分类型中,共记录到木本植物229种,隶属56科127属,随着中亚热带气候条件向北热带气候条件过渡,马尾松人工林林下热带分布物种占比增大,温带分布树种逐渐减少;(2)在幼龄林阶段,与南亚热带气候条件相比,中亚热带气候条件下马尾松人工林林下灌木层及木本群落整体的物种丰富度相对较高,在中龄林阶段和过熟林阶段,北热带气候条件下马尾松人工林林下木本群落物种丰富度和物种多样性最高,但优势种集中性较低;(3)在幼龄林阶段,南亚热带与北热带气候条件马尾松人工林林下物种差异性最大,在中龄林阶段,中亚热带与北热带气候条件马尾松人工林林下物种相似程度最高。气候条件变化对林下乔木层建群种有着明显影响,而且由于生境条件差异,不同气候条件下物种构成明显不同,在幼龄林阶段不同气候条件对林下木本群落影响最大。     

黄岩长潭水库流域主要植被类型及恢复对策

研究了黄岩长潭水库流域主要植被类型的结构、组成和分布.结果表明:该区域森林植被类型主要有针叶林、针阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、毛竹林、灌草丛和经济林,均为人工植被和次生植被,以暖性针叶林和针阔叶混交林为主体.植被种类组成和空间结构简单,枯枝落叶层较薄,对水土保持的作用较小.常绿阔叶林是长潭水库流域植被恢复的目标.建议用生态恢复的办法,用林分改造进行植被的恢复,引种地带性植被中的优势种、关键种,提高演替速率.     

圩墩遗址古木研究

通过对圩墩遗址出土古木１５个树种的鉴定，确定五，六千年前圩墩存在过落叶－常绿阔叶混交林带。该林带是温带针，阔叶混交林带与亚热带常绿阔叶林带之间的过渡区，属温暖，湿润的亚热带植被类型。落叶阔叶树有壳斗科的麻栋和槲栎类，金缕梅科的枫香，漆树科的黄连木及豆的黄檀等树种。常绿阔叶树有茶科的荷木，豆科的红豆树及木犀科的蜡树等树种。     

南方生态公益林经营模式的研究

结合南方生态公益林资源现状特点,给出了生态公益林经营的一般模式和特殊模式,论述了不同形式重点生态区位地带性植被亚热带常绿阔叶林的恢复与重建模式及非重点生态区位针阔混交林改造模式.在生态利用与改造优先的前提下,应对生态公益林进行以多效益利用为目标的定向改造,为公益林的可持续经营奠定基础.     

浙江省珊溪水库库区森林植被类型的研究

珊溪库区森林植被类型主要有：中亚热带常绿阔叶林、中亚热带常绿-落叶阔叶混交林、中亚热带落叶阉叶林、中亚热带针叶林、中亚热带针阔混交林、竹林、灌丛和灌草丛。其中,中亚热带常绿阔叶林为地带性森林植被类型。     

广东始兴南山自然保护区植被的研究

用植被样方调查法对广东始兴南山自然保护区的植被进行了研究,结果表明该地区具有6种植被型,地带性植被是亚热带常绿阔叶林.植被优势科为壳斗科、樟科、山茶科和杜英科等.植被优势种主要为甜椎、木荷、黧蒴、红椎、酸枣和青栲等.     

浙江天童及周边地区常绿阔叶林退化群落的植物区系分析

浙江天童及周边地区的常绿阔叶林退化群落包括五个类型：常绿阔叶林退化前期群落、落叶阔叶林群落、针阔混交林群落、针叶林群落以及灌丛群落.通过对退化植被各群落类型的区系分析，得出了天童地区常绿阔叶林退化群落的区系组成特征，具体如下：（1）天童及周边地区退化植被的植物区系包括72科138属204种，其物种多样性低于常绿阔叶林的成熟群落；（2）本植物区系地理成分与常绿阔叶林成熟群落一致，表现了明显的亚热带植物区系性质，是热带向温带的过渡；（3）人类的干扰导致了各退化群落中国特有成分的下降；（4）各退化群落类型与常绿阔叶林成熟群落保持了较高水平的科、属和种的相似性.综上所述，天童及周边地区退化植被保持了亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物区系特征，从植物区系学的角度来看，具有恢复为地带性常绿阔叶林成熟群落的潜力.     

Aboveground biomass and corresponding carbon sequestration ability of four major forest types in south China

We estimated aboveground biomass carbon (TABC) and net carbon accumulation rates (TNEP) for trees in four major forest types based on national forest inventory data collected in 1994-1998 and 1999-2003. The four types were Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, hard broad-leaved evergreen forest and soft broad-leaved evergreen forest. We analyzed variations in TABC and TNEP for five stand ages (initiation, young, medium, mature and old). In both time periods, estimated TABC in all four forest types increased consistently with forest stand age and the oldest stage had the largest TABC compared with other stages. Broad-leaved forests (hard and soft) had higher TABC than needle-leaved forests (Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata) for each of the five age stages. The difference of TABC between broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests increased with forest stand age. Comparison of estimated TNEP by age category indicated TNEP increased from the initiation stage to the young stage, and then decreased from the mature stage to old stage in all four forest types. TNEP for any particular stage depended on the forest type; for instance, broad-leaved forests at both the mature and old stages had greater TNEP than in needle-leaved forests. A logistic curve was applied to fit the relationship between TABC and forest stand age. In each period, correlations in all four forest types were all statistically significant (P < 0.01) with R2 > 0.95. TABC was therefore predicted by these regression functions from 2000 to 2050 and the mean TNEP during the predicted period was estimated to be about 41.14, 31.53, 75.50 and 75.68 gCm-2a-1 in Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, hard broad-leaved forest and soft broad-leaved forest, respectively. Results from both forest inventory and regression prediction suggest broad-leaved forests are greater carbon sinks, and hence have greater carbon sequestration ability especially in the mature and old stages when compared to needle-leaved forests. Broad-leaved forests should have high levels of carbon sequestration when compared with needle-leaved forests in south China.     

城市化进程中上海植被的多样性、空间格局和动态响应(Ⅵ):上海外环林带群落多样性与结构特征

以上海市外环林带为研究对象,采用群落学调查的方法调查植物群落177个,结果如下:共记录维管植物87科184属226种,但少数树种主导整个林带,在树种构成上具有明显的集聚性.并且乡土树种应用比例低,乡土树种和外来树种的比例达到了1∶3.群落类型丰富,分为7种植被类型,67个群落类型,以落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林为主,但缺乏地...     

台风干扰对天童常绿阔叶林调落物量的影响简

为探讨台风干扰对亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物总量、组成和时间动态变化的影响,对浙江天童山2种常绿阔叶林类型——栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)群落和木荷(Schima superb)群落的凋落物进行了为期5年(2008—2012)的观测研究.结果显示:天童栲树林和木荷林的年平均凋落物量分别为6.465 t·hm^-2和6.947 t·hm^-2,台风影响年的年凋落量和台风季节月均凋落量均高于无台风影响年.两种群落类型的总凋落物组成比例皆为叶>枝>碎屑>花>果>树皮,其中叶比例约占70%,枝比例约占17%;台风影响年与无台风影响年相比,叶比例有所下降,枝条比例明显上升.台风影响年与无台风影响年的凋落量时间动态不同,无台风影响年两种群落类型的凋落高峰发生在春季（4—5月）和秋末（10—11月）,均为双峰型;台风影响年凋落模式为三峰型,凋落高峰发生在春季、台风季和秋季.两种群落的叶凋落时间动态在不同台风影响年份有所区别,在台风干扰较弱的年份（2008、2009和2011年）栲树林叶凋落动态为双峰型、木荷林为三峰型;在台风干扰强度较大的年份（2012年）,两种群落类型的叶凋落动态均为三峰型,这说明台风干扰能改变亚热带常绿阔叶林的时间动态,且台风强度对不同森林群落的干扰程度存在差异.     

广西植被调查、分类与植被志研编方案

广西是我国植被类型较丰富的省区之一,开展《广西植被志》研编意义重大。本文在全面总结广西植被调查研究历史的基础上,将植被调查研究的进程分为3个阶段：第一阶段为1950-1980年,第二阶段为1981-1999年,第三阶段为2000年至今。对《广西森林》《广西植被志要》和《广西植被(第一卷)》中的植被分类原则、等级、分类结果及各分类系统的特点进行分析比较。在遵循《中国植被志》的研编标准及规范的基础上,提出《广西植被志》的研编方案,建议以植被型组独立成卷,即可分为6卷：森林卷、灌丛卷、草丛卷、沼泽与水生植被卷、农林植被卷、城市植被卷。其中,森林卷可分为6册,即针叶林和针阔叶混交林分册、落叶阔叶林分册、常绿落叶阔叶混交林分册、常绿阔叶林分册、季雨林和雨林分册、竹林分册;灌丛植被、草丛植被和沼泽与水生植被各独立成卷;农林植被卷分为两册,分别是农业植被分册和林业植被分册;城市植被独立成卷。此外,加上第一卷总论,《广西植被志》可由7卷13册组成。对建立10个植被信息数据库及广西数字植被大数据平台提出初步方案。《广西植被志》的研编及出版必将推动广西植被生态科学的进一步发展。