弓獭蛤受精及早期卵裂过程核相变化的细胞学观察

采用Hoechst 33258染色和荧光显微镜技术,对弓獭蛤(Lutraria arcuata)受精和早期卵裂过程中的核相变化进行观察.其成熟未受精卵呈圆球形,卵径55~60μm,核相处于第1次成熟分裂前期;精子为鞭毛型,全长约50~55μm.精卵混合后,精子迅速附着于卵子表面;受精后10~30 min,精子入卵膨胀成球形;30~50 min进行第1次成熟分裂,排出第1极体;50~60 min进行第2次成熟分裂,排出第2极体;同时精核和卵核体积膨胀,形成雄原核和雌原核;70 min左右,雌、雄原核联合,形成第1次有丝分裂的中期分裂相;70~90 min受精卵进行第1次卵裂,形成2个卵裂球;90~110 min进行第2次卵裂,形成1大3小的4个卵裂球.     

锯缘青蟹受精过程核相变化的研究

用光镜和组织切片技术研究了锯缘青蟹受精过程核相变化的特征．锯缘青蟹刚排出的成熟卵子为初级卵母细胞．核相处于第1次成熟分裂的中期．在卵子产出后30min内第1极体排出并分裂成两个小极体;第2极体随着受精膜的形成和举起而排放。在卵子产出后50～60min内排出;第1．2极体分别位于受精膜的内外两侧．雄性原核形成早于雌性原核;雌雄原核形成后向卵子中央移动。最后发生联合形成联合核．排卵后的6～7h内。合子核才开始第1次核分裂．锯缘青蟹为数精人卵．单精受精．     

合浦珠母贝受精细胞学观察

用醋酸－地衣红染色制片的方法对合浦珠母贝卵子减数分裂和受精过程进行了详细的细胞学观察。精子入卵前，卵子停留于第一次减数分裂中期。精子入卵后，卵子开始成熟分裂，在海水温度２２℃的条件下，授精后２２ｍｉｎ及３９ｍｉｎ绝大部分卵子分别完成第一次减数分裂和第二次砬数分裂，排出第一极体和第二极体，雌雄原核分别形成，其染色体逐渐凝集，形成两组染色体，最后在卵裂的赤道板上联合，７１ｍｉｎ后，大部分卵子完成第一次     

近江牡蛎受精细胞学研究

用醋酸－地衣红染色的方法对近江牡蛎人工授精的卵子减数分裂和受精过程进行了详细细胞学观察。精子入卵前，卵子处于第一次减数分裂的前期（胚泡期），精子入卵后，胚泡消失，然后进行两次减数分裂，在海水温度为２８．８℃的情况下，授精后３３ｍｉｎ和４５ｍｉｎ，绝大部分受精卵已排出第一极体和第二极体，雄原核可在第一极体排出后及第二极体排出前任何时期内形成，雌雄原核以联合的方式将两组染色体合并，授精后１ｈ，大部分卵     

杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂合杂交受精的细胞学研究

应用组织学方法。研究了杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂舍种间杂交受精过程的核相变化。结果表明杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精主要表现出两性融合的特点．盘鲍精子进入杂色鲍卵子。9min后中心粒发育为星光；精子头部逐渐膨大、液化形成雄性原核，39min后与雌性原核会合，而后融合．约3．2％的受精卵中观察到1个受精卵中同时存在3个即将融合的原核，这可能是多精入卵或卵子染色体组自发加倍的结果．42min后开始第1次有丝分裂。此时在极个别发育卵中发现固缩的染色质小体、微核、或分离不同步的染色体．     

杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂杂交受精的细胞学研究

应用组织学方法,研究了杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精过程的核相变化,结果表明杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精主要表现出两性融合的特点.盘鲍精子进入杂色鲍卵子,9 min后中心粒发育为星光;精子头部逐渐膨大、液化形成雄性原核,39 min后与雌性原核会合,而后融合.约3.2%的受精卵中观察到1个受精卵中同时存在3个即将融合的原核,这可能是多精入卵或卵子染色体组自发加倍的结果.42 min后开始第1次有丝分裂,此时在极个别发育卵中发现固缩的染色质小体、微核、或分离不同步的染色体.     

水稻的胚胎发育

论文摘要水稻胚囊为八核型。反足器和助细胞一般于受精前解体。双受精时,卵先于极核受精或极核先于卵受精。三核融合,雄核之一先与极核融合,然后再与另一极核融合。进入胚囊的一对精子没有异质性。受精过程需12-24小时。受精后仍有补充花粉管进入胚囊,但不多于一根。受精后胚和胚乳共存短暂时期,胚乳初生核(受精极核)即行分裂,时受精卵尚休眠着,待胚乳核进行5-6次分裂后,受精卵即开始第一次分裂。二者开始以不间断的有     

同型孢子蕨类植物卵发生和受精作用的细胞学研究新进展

阐述了同型孢子蕨类植物有性生殖研究中卵发生和受精作用研究的一些新进展,包括颈卵器的形成、卵发育和受精作用3个方面．研究表明颈卵器来自于配子体生长点下方的原始细胞,其细胞质浓,核较大,位于细胞中央,原始细胞经2次分裂产生3层细胞,中间的为初生细胞,初生细胞经2次不等分裂形成1个卵细胞、1个腹沟细胞和1个双核颈沟细胞．卵成熟时,先后在卵细胞外产生分离腔和卵膜,进化的种类卵膜上形成了受精孔,首次证明腹沟细胞参与了受精孔的发生．受精作用研究表明精子是经受精孔钻入卵细胞的,受精时卵细胞剧烈地收缩和产生大的囊泡封阻受精孔可能是阻止多精受精的主要原因,接下来,受精卵经历核融合、雄细胞器的消化,合子细胞器的重排,质膜和细胞壁重建等过程,最终形成功能性合子．     

紫外线照射爪蟾受精卵的细胞学观察

爪蟾卵在受精后20分钟用紫外线照射动物极,分别于受精后20、30、40、50、60和80分钟固定材料,观察雄原核和雌原核的变化过程。实验结果说明雄原核发育正常,雌原核逐渐退化消失,结果形成雄核发育的单倍体胚胎     

金鱼受精过程超微结构研究的快速半薄切片定位

介绍一种适于金鱼受精过程超微结构研究的快速半薄切片定位方法。经Ｅｐｏｎ８１２包理的受精卵，切０．１５～０．５μｍ厚的切片，用甲苯胺兰Ｏ－派若宁Ｂ染液在酒精灯上烤染后镜检，整个过程在５ｍｉｎ内完成。用此方法可将受精后至第一次卵裂前各时期的精子头、卵子染色体及雌雄原核找到并可进一步用于超微结构研究。     

鲈鲤胚胎发育特征观察

观察了水温（18±0．5）℃条件下,鲈鲤[Percocypris pingi pingi（ T chang ）]的胚胎发育特征。结果显示：成熟鲈鲤卵呈球形、桔黄色,为粘性卵,卵径2．2mm,卵膜遇水膨胀后,最大外膜径达3．2-3．8mm。受精卵在水温（18±0．5）℃条件下,受精2h28min后开始第1次卵裂,受精后45h23min开始形成器官,受精后126h28min孵出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼全长为10．4mm,卵黄囊大而侧扁。根据胚胎发育过程的形态特征,可将鲈鲤胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官发生和出膜7个连续阶段。32个时期。     

金鱼精子头在卵细胞质中转化的超微结构研究

用透射电镜研究了金鱼卵子受精后起始阶段精子头在卵细胞质中的转化过程，结果表明：这种转化同样必须经精子核膜的崩解、原来高度致密的精子染色质的解聚与分散以及新的核膜（雄原核核膜）的形成。     

Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis

It has been suggested that the failure of parthenogenetic mouse embryos to develop to term is primarily due to their aberrant cytoplasm and homozygosity leading to the expression of recessive lethal genes. The reported birth of homozygous gynogenetic (male pronucleus removed from egg after fertilization) mice and of animals following transplantation of nuclei from parthenogenetic embryos to enucleated fertilized eggs, is indicative of abnormal cytoplasm and not an abnormal genotype of the activated eggs. However, we and others have been unable to obtain such homozygous mice. We investigated this problem further by using reconstituted heterozygous eggs, with haploid parthenogenetic eggs as recipients for a male or female pronucleus. We report here that the eggs which receive a male pronucleus develop to term but those with two female pronuclei develop only poorly after implantation. Therefore, the cytoplasm of activated eggs is fully competent to support development to term but not if the genome is entirely of maternal origin. We propose that specific imprinting of the genome occurs during gametogenesis so that the presence of both a male and a female pronucleus is essential in an egg for full-term development. The paternal imprinting of the genome appears necessary for the normal development of the extraembryonic membranes and the trophoblast.     

人工诱导四倍体泥鳅的研究

目前泥鳅的养殖热潮正在兴起,对其新品种的需求也日益强烈.采用热休克抑制受精卵第一次卵裂、Ag-NOR计数鉴定四倍体胚胎的方法,探索了诱发四倍体泥鳅的最佳条件是:在受精后20 min左右采用41℃热水持续处理泥鳅受精卵4 min.人工诱导泥鳅四倍体将会为新品种的培育提供原始素材.本研究首次提出了依据间期细胞核中的Ag-NOR的最高数目作为确定胚胎倍性的标准,该方法简便快速.     

中国对虾精子发生及受精细胞学

中国对虾（ＰｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＯｓｂｅｃｋ１７６５）属于节肢动物门,有鳃亚门,甲壳纲,软甲亚纲,十足目,游泳亚目,对虾科,对虾亚科,对虾属,是我国最重要的经济虾类,主要分布在我国渤海、黄海,东海北部也有少量分布。常与墨吉对虾混栖。到目前为...     

An extrachromosomal factor causing loss of paternal chromosomes

Extrachromosomal inheritance is ubiquitous among plants and animals; however, most extrachromosomal factors are uniparentally inherited through females, but not through males. Examples include chloroplasts, mitochondria and a variety of intracellular symbionts. The only known exception to maternal extrachromosomal inheritance in an animal is a paternally transmitted sex ratio factor (psr) which causes all-male families in the parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. Normally in this wasp, male offspring are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs whereas females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs. The psr factor is either a venereally transmitted infection which prevents egg fertilization (and therefore causes all-male families), or a factor transmitted to eggs by the sperm of males carrying psr, which somehow prevents incorporation of the paternal chromosomes. Here we report that sperm from psr males fertilizes eggs, but that the paternal chromosomes are subsequently condensed into a chromatin mass before the first mitotic division of the egg and do not participate in further divisions. Resulting haploid offspring are male, but have inherited the paternal factor. This extrachromosomal factor promotes its own transmission at the expense of the paternal chromosomes, and therefore can be considered a 'selfish' genetic element.     

Fertilization potential in golden hamster eggs consists of recurring hyperpolarizations

The fertilization potential, or activation potential, has been demonstrated in the eggs of various species, and it has been shown to block polyspermy in echinoderm, echiuran and frog eggs, but no studies have been reported of electrical phenomena occurring when mammalian eggs are fertilized. We report here the fertilization potential of golden hamster eggs in vitro. To correlate the change of potential with the interaction between sperm and egg, only one sperm was attached to each egg. We found that a sperm induces recurring hyperpolarizations, constituting a fertilization potential which differs from that in the eggs of other species.     

克氏原螯虾受精卵结构观察

观察了克氏原螯虾受精卵的结构.取固定好的克氏原螯虾受精卵进行冷冻切片,苏木精-伊红染色,镜检,拍照.结果表明,克氏原螯虾受精卵属于中黄卵,细胞质被排挤到受精卵一侧,位于受精卵表面.受精卵有致密的中心区,由此向周围发散出呈指状突起的卵黄柱,卵黄柱内充满大小不等的卵黄颗粒.克氏原螯虾受精卵的结构可以通过冷冻切片观察.     

Bidirectional incompatibility between conspecific populations of Drosophila simulans

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) describes the phenomenon whereby eggs fertilized by sperm from insects infected with a rickettsial endosymbiont fail to hatch. Unidirectional CI between conspecific populations of insects is a well documented phenomenon. Bidirectional CI has, however, only been described in mosquito populations, and recently between closely related species of parasitic wasps, where it is of interest as both an unusual form of reproductive isolation and as a potential means of insect population suppression. Here we report on the first known example of bidirectional CI between conspecific populations of Drosophila simulans. Further, we show that defects as early as the first cleavage division are associated with CI. This observation suggests that the cellular basis of CI involves disruption of processes before or during zygote formation and that CI arises from defects in the structure and/or function of the sperm during fertilization.     

Transient activation of calcineurin is essential to initiate embryonic development in Xenopus laevis

At fertilization, an increase of cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+) triggers various activation responses in animal eggs. In vertebrates, these responses include exit from metaphase arrest in meiosis II (MII exit) and cortical remodelling initiated by cortical granule exocytosis. Although the essential requirement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II for inducing MII exit has been documented, a role of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin in egg activation has not been investigated. Here we show, using cell-free extracts from unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis, that calcineurin is transiently activated immediately after Ca2+ addition to a concentration that induces MII exit. When calcineurin activation is inhibited, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) inactivation by means of cyclin B degradation is prevented and sperm chromatin incubated in the extracts remains condensed. Similarly, if calcineurin is inhibited in intact eggs, MII exit on egg activation is prevented. In addition, the activation contraction in the cortex is suppressed whereas cortical granule exocytosis occurs. We further demonstrate that, when a high level of calcineurin activity is maintained after activation, growth of sperm asters is prevented in egg extracts and, consistently, migration of male and female pronuclei towards each other is hindered in fertilized eggs. Thus, both activation and the subsequent inactivation of calcineurin in fertilized eggs are crucial for the commencement of vertebrate embryonic development.