生物信号传导的研究——茶叶花对FSK—激活型脉苷酸环化酶的 …

腺苷酸环化酶是机体代谢调控中的关键酶之一。并且成为世界上研究衰老生化、肿瘤形成机制等新兴的重要研究课题中的最重要指标之一。Ｆｓｋ是腺苷酸环化酶的目前已知高效，专一的激活剂。是研究环化酶的有效工具。为了探明茶叶花一临床已证实具有降血压、强心等作用的一种单味中草药的作用机理，我们首先研究了Ｆｓｋ对羊肝腺苷酸环化酶的激活作用和相关的动力学，在此基础上研究 叶花提取物（ＴＬＦＥ）对Ｆｓｋ－激活型环化酶活力     

CsCl和CsBr中自陷态激子的研究

在单电子Ｈａｒｔｒｅｅ－Ｆｏｃｋ近似的基础上采用扩展离子方法研究了ＣｓＣｌ型晶体中自陷态激子（ＳＴＥ）的结构，研究表明ＣｓＣｌ中三重态ＳＴＥ的位形是较强的ｏｆｆ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒ，ＣｓＢｒ中三重态ＳＴＥ的位形是较弱的ｏｆｆ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒ，ＣｓＢｒ中单重态ＳＴＥ的位形是ｏｎ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒ。对ＳＴＥ及Ｆ心的发光研究结果与实验符合较好。     

福寿螺β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及性质的初步研究

以福寿螺内脏为材料,经本实验室开发的工业生产法制备粗酶粉,进一步采用葡聚糖凝胶（ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００）和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０柱层析纯化,获得经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为单一纯的β－葡萄糖苷酶制剂．测定该酶的最适反应温度为４３℃,最适反应ｐＨ为５．１;在ｐＨ５．１,４５℃下,该酶催化水杨素水解的Ｋｍ值为３．４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,活化能为５０．６３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．研究几种效应物对酶活力的影响,结果表明：Ｍｎ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋对酶有激活作用,而Ｃｕ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋、Ｐｂ２＋、ＳＤＳ及脲对酶有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Ｃｕ２＋和Ｈｇ２＋对该酶的抑制作用最强,其抑制机理均表现为非竞争性抑制     

解脂假丝酵母胞外脂肪酶的提纯和性质

通过ＤＥＡＥ－ＣｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅＤＥ－５２和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅＰｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０离子交换层析等提纯步骤，对解脂假丝酵母胞外脂肪酶进行了纯化，得到了层析纯样品，比活提高２７．４倍，得率１１％．该酶反应最适温度为４０℃；最适ＰＨ为７．５；等电点约在ＰＨ４．５～５．０之间；８℃以下存放，酶活力损失较少，３０℃以上存放，酶活力有明显损失．金属离子Ｓｒ２＋，Ｂａ２＋，Ｚｎ２＋和Ｍｇ２＋对该酶的激活作用为Ｓｒ２＋＞Ｂａ２＋＞Ｚｎ２＋＞Ｍｇ２＋．Ｃｕ２＋和Ｎａ＋对酶活性有抑制作用．ＮａＮ３对保持酶活性有重要作用．     

黑曲霉单宁酶的纯化及部分性质研究

黑曲霉在五倍子单宁的诱导下产生单宁酶。通过（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４分形沉淀,ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ离子交换层析,Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１５０凝胶过滤,从黑曲霉的发酵液和菌丝中纯化得到凝胶电泳均一的单宁酶。酶作用的最适温度为３０℃,最适ｐＨ值为５．５,在温度１０－３０℃和ｐＨ４－６之间保持稳定,金属离子对单宁酶没有的激活作用,Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｍｎ＾２＋则对酶有抑制作用。     

雷公藤内酯醇对T淋巴细胞核因子—kB及其抑制分子的影响

研究雷公藤内酯醇对Ｔ淋巴细胞中核因子－ｋＢ活力及其抑制分子ＩｋＢ的影响,进一步阐明雷公藤内酯醇免疫抑制作用的分子机制。利用凝胶移率实验（ＥＭＳＡ）检测不同浓度的雷公藤内酯醇对于普通培养状态下和同时使用ＰＭＡ／ＰＨＡ激活的Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞中ＮＦ－ｋＢ活力的影响,并以逆转录－半定量ＰＣＲ方法检测了雷公藤内酯醇处理后两组Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞中ＩｋＢα的ｍＲＮＡ水平的改变。研究发现：①在普通培养状态的Ｊｕｒｋ     

槲皮素的TLC—SERS研究

本报告了利用高效薄层色谱（ＴＬＣ）分离技术和表面增强拉曼散射技术（ＳＥＲＳ）的结合，建立了分析中草药有效成分槲皮素的析方法。ＳＥＲＳ结果揭示出，在ＴＬＣ原位约３μｇ样品就可获得槲上素的主要振动特征谱带，从而阐明了ＴＬＣ－ＳＥＲＳ的有效结合，可对中草药化学成分进行高灵敏度的检测。     

Forskolin对转化细胞膜流动性的影响

实验采用了荧光偏振、准弹光散射和圆二色等技术，研究了在腺苷酸环化酶激活剂Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ作用下，＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ诱导转化的Ｃ３Ｈ１０细胞膜流动性、细胞表面电荷密度及膜蛋白构象的变化，发现Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ使转化细胞膜的流动性显著降低，作用高峰在２ｈ左右，ＥＣ５０为３０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，此外，在Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ作用下，细胞表面电荷密度下降，膜蛋白构象的有序性增加，这些变化很可能是Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ抑制     

抗氧化剂调节人内皮细胞粘附分子表达

探讨抗氧化剂能否调节内皮表面的粘附分子表达,以及这种调节是否通过一种ＮＦ－ｋＢ的活性敏感的机制。方法：内皮细胞表面的粘附分子表达用细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定。内皮细胞ＮＦ－ｋＢ的活性用电泳迁移率分析测定。结果：ＰＤＴＣ和ｃｈｒｙｓｉｎ能明显抑制所有３种粘附分子的表达。ＤＣＩ可抑制Ｅ－ｓｅｃｌｅｃｔｉｎ和ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达,对ＶＣＡＭ－１没有影响。Ｐｒｏｂｕｃｏｌ仅在低浓度时对ＩＣＡＭ－１有轻微抑制作用     

黑曲霉胞外葡萄糖淀粉酶的纯化及特性

黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒ７２８）的粗酶液，经硫酸铵沉淀，ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２５柱凝胶过滤脱盐，ＤＥＡＥ－Ｔｏｙｏｐｅａｒｌ离子交换柱层析和ＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙＳ－１００凝胶层析纯化，经ＰＡＧＥ鉴定为一条带ＳＤＳ凝胶电泳测定分子量为７００００．金属离子Ｆｅ３＋对该酶有一定的抑制作用，该酶的等电点为３．７，最适ｐＨ为４，最适温度为６０℃．Ｅ２８０１％为１５．７２，Ｋｍ值为０．１１２×１０－３ｍ．     

Pertussis toxin reverses adenosine inhibition of neuronal glutamate release

Adenosine and its analogues are potent inhibitors of synaptic activity in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), this appears to arise primarily by inhibition of presynaptic release of transmitters, including glutamate, which is possibly the major excitatory transmitter in the brain. In addition, postsynaptic effects of adenosine have been reported which would also serve to reduce neurotransmission. The mechanism by which adenosine inhibits CNS neurotransmission is unknown, although it appears to exert its effect via an A1 receptor which in some systems is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we have examined the effect of pertussis toxin (PTX) on the ability of the stable adenosine analogue (-)phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) to inhibit glutamate release from cerebellar neurones maintained in primary culture. PTX, by ADP-ribosylating the nucleotide-binding protein Ni, prevents coupling of inhibitory receptors such as the A1 receptor to adenylate cyclase. As reported here, we found that PTX, as well as preventing inhibition of adenylate cyclase by PIA, also converts the PIA-induced inhibition of glutamate release to a stimulation. Our results suggest strongly that purinergic inhibitory modulation of transmitter release occurs by inhibition of adenylate cyclase.     

A nucleotide regulatory site for somatostatin inhibition of adenylate cyclase in S49 lymphoma cells

The cyc- variants of S49 lymphoma cells have served as powerful tools for studying the components and mechanisms of hormone-induced adenylate cyclase stimulation, as these cells are deficient in the guanine nucleotide regulatory site (Ns) mediating hormone, guanine nucleotide, cholera toxin and fluoride-induced stimulations of the enzyme. Because of this deficiency, membranes of these cells have been used for reconstitution of the system by inserting the coupling component derived from other cell types. The hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase is not only stimulated by hormones but can also be inhibited by a wide variety of hormones and neurotransmitters, and there is some evidence that hormonal inhibition may be mediated by a distinct guanine nucleotide regulatory site. Studies in cyc- cells lacking a functional Ns may therefore answer this unresolved, important question. We have recently observed that stable GTP analogues can inhibit cyc- adenylate cyclase stimulated by purified, preactivated Ns or forskolin, which can activate adenylate cyclase even in the absence of a functional Ns (ref. 10). The data indicated that these Ns-deficient cells contain an inhibitory guanine nucleotide site, Ni. To strengthen this concept, we investigated whether the cyc- adenylate cyclase can be inhibited by a hormone. We report here that somatostatin decreases cyclic AMP levels in cyc- cells, inhibits the forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase and causes a concomitant increase in a high affinity GTPase activity in cyc- membranes. The data strongly suggest that both the hormone- and guanine nucleotide-induced adenylate cyclase inhibitions in cyc- cells are mediated by Ni and that the mechanisms of activation and inactivation of Ni are similar to those established for Ns.     

The ras oncogene product p21 is not a regulatory component of adenylate cyclase

Harvey (Ha-MSV) and Kirsten (Ki-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses induce tumours in animals and transform various cells in culture because of the expression of the ras oncogene product, p21 (ref. 1). Proto-oncogenes homologous with these genes are highly conserved evolutionarily and activated ras oncogenes have been detected in many human cancers. Whether c-ras oncogenes are directly responsible for human carcinogenesis is uncertain; however, it is clear that p21 mediates virus-induced transformation, although by an unknown mechanism. Epithelial and fibroblast cell lines transformed with Ha-MSV and Ki-MSV express p21 (ref. 8) and exhibit reduced adenylate cyclase activity. Like the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, Ns and Ni, which mediate stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of adenylate cyclase, p21 is a membrane-associated GTP binding protein, which exhibits GTPase activity. These similarities suggest that p21 and the adenylate cyclase regulatory proteins are related in cellular function, and that p21 depresses adenylate cyclase by inhibiting the activity of Ns or acting as Ni. We have therefore now examined the structural and functional similarities between p21 and Ns and Ni and find no evidence that p21 regulates adenylate cyclase activity by acting as one of these regulatory proteins.     

Abolition of the expression of inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein Gi activity in diabetes

Many cell-surface receptors for hormones appear to exert their effects on target cells by interacting with specific guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) which couple receptors to their second-messenger signal generation systems. A common intracellular second messenger, which is used by many hormones, is cyclic AMP. This is produced by adenylate cyclase, whose activity is controlled by two G-proteins, Gs which mediates stimulatory effects and Gi inhibitory effects on adenylate cyclase activity. In liver, the hormone glucagon increases intracellular cAMP concentrations by activating adenylate cyclase by a Gs-mediated process. This effect of glucagon is antagonised by the hormone insulin, although the molecular mechanism by which insulin elicits its actions is obscure. However, insulin receptors exhibit a tyrosyl kinase activity and appear to interact with G-proteins, perhaps by causing phosphorylation of them. In type I diabetes, circulating insulin levels are abnormally low, giving rise to gross perturbations of metabolism as well as to a variety of complications such as ionic disturbances, neuropathies of the nervous system, respiratory and cardiovascular aberrations and predisposition to infection. We show here that experimentally-induced type I diabetes leads to the loss of expression of Gi in rat liver. As it has been suggested that Gi may couple receptors to K+-channels as well as mediating the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, aberrations in the control of expression of this key regulatory protein in type I diabetes may be expected to lead to pleiotropic effects.     

Altered Gs and adenylate cyclase activity in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas

Gs and Gi are guanine nucleotide-binding, heterotrimer proteins that regulate the activity of adenylate cyclase, and are responsible for transferring stimulatory and inhibitory hormonal signals, respectively, from cell surface receptors to the enzyme catalytic unit. These proteins can be directly activated by agents such as GTP and analogues, fluoride and magnesium. Decreased amounts of Gs and Gi, and even the absence of Gs, have been described, whereas an altered Gs has been reported in a cultured cell line (UNC variant of S49 lymphoma cells), but has never been observed in human disease states. We have found a profoundly altered Gs protein in a group of human growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas, characterized by high secretory activity and intracellular cyclic AMP levels. In the membranes from these tumours no stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by growth hormone-releasing hormone, by GTP or by fluoride was observed. Indeed, the last two agents caused an inhibition, probably mediated by Gi. In contrast, adenylate cyclase stimulation by Mg2+ was enormously increased. This altered pattern of adenylate cyclase regulation was reproduced when a cholate extract of the tumour membranes (which contains G proteins) was reconstituted with Gs-free, cyc- S49 cell membranes. Inasmuch as secretion from somatotrophic cells is known to be a cAMP-dependent function, the alteration of Gs could be the direct cause of the high secretory activity of the tumours in which it occurs.     

Serotonin stimulates DNA synthesis in fibroblasts acting through 5-HT1B receptors coupled to a Gi-protein

Growth factors can be divided into two classes which act through distinct signal transduction pathways. One class including epidermal growth factor, platelet derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor activates receptor tyrosine kinases, and the second class, including thrombin, bombesin, bradykinin and vasopressin activates a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C through GTP-binding proteins which can be inactivated by pertussis toxin. In Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, thrombin-induced mitogenicity seems to correlate well with phospholipase C activation and both events are sensitive to pertussis toxin. Thrombin, like the other mitogens in this class, simultaneously inhibits adenylate cyclase. This involves an inhibitory G protein (Gi), a well established pertussis toxin substrate. The relative contributions of the two signalling pathways to mitogenicity has not been evaluated so far. We report here that the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a contracting agent and mitogen for smooth muscle cells, activates phospholipase C, inhibits adenylate cyclase and stimulates DNA synthesis in fibroblasts. These events are sensitive to pertussis toxin. We show that the mitogenicity of 5-hydroxytryptamine can be uncoupled from phospholipase C activation that is mediated by 5-HT2 receptors, but correlates perfectly with inhibition of adenylate cyclase through 5-HT1B receptor. We propose that inhibition of adenylate cyclase or activation of an undefined effector system by Gi is important in 5-hydroxytryptamine induced DNA synthesis and contributes to the strong mitogenicity of the other members of this family of growth factors.     

Cross-talk between cellular signalling pathways suggested by phorbol-ester-induced adenylate cyclase phosphorylation

Receptor-mediated activation of both adenylate cyclase and phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis systems occurs through guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins and ultimately leads to specific activation of either cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A or Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. Given the remarkable diversity of agents that influence cellular metabolism through these pathways and the similarities of their components, interactions between the two signalling systems could occur. In fact, stimulation of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a phorbol ester that activates protein kinase C, influences hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase. In some cells TPA induces desensitization of receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase, whereas in others, such as frog erythrocytes, phorbol ester treatment results in increased agonist-stimulated as well as basal, guanine nucleotide- and fluoride ion-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities. We show here that TPA produces phosphorylation of the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase in frog erythrocytes. Moreover, purified protein kinase C can directly phosphorylate in vitro the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase purified from bovine brain. These results suggest that phosphorylation of the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase by protein kinase C may be involved in the phorbol ester-induced enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity. In addition to providing the first direct demonstration of a covalent modification of the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase, these results provide a potential biochemical mechanism for a regulatory link between the two major transmembrane signalling systems.     

Differential regulation of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor by Na+ and guanine nucleotides

Many hormones interact with receptors which stimulate the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Less well characterized ar those receptors which mediate an inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. However, guanine nucleotides are clearly important in the regulation of both stimulatory and inhibitory receptors. Monovalent cations, notably Na+, regulate many inhibitory receptor systems but apparently not stimulatory receptors. We investigate here the effects of Na+ and guanine nucleotides on the adenylate cyclase-coupled inhibitory alpha 2-adrenergic receptor of the rabbit platelet. Computer modelling of adrenaline competition curves with 3H-dihydroergocryptine (3H-DHE) indicates that adrenaline induces two distinct affinity states of the alpha 2 receptor--one of higher (alpha 2H) and the other of lower (alpha 2L) affinity. Guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) seems to reduce adrenaline affinity to converting the high-affinity state into the low-affinity form of the receptor. In contrast, Na+ reduces adrenaline affinity at both the high- and low-affinity states of the alpha 2 receptor while preserving receptor heterogeneity. Thus, guanine nucleotides and Na+ differ in the manner by which each reduces agonist affinity for the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor.     

Dopaminergic D-3 binding sites are not presynaptic autoreceptors

Postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptors have been classified biochemically and pharmacologically into two types: D-1 receptors mediate adenylate cyclase stimulation, demonstrating micromolar affinity for DA and butyrophenone antagonists; D-2 receptors mediate adenylate cyclase inhibition, demonstrating nanomolar affinity for DA and butyrophenone antagonists. D-1 receptors are labelled by 3H-thioxanthene antagonists, while D-2 receptors are labelled by both 3H-agonists and all 3H-antagonists. A third class of dopaminergic binding site, termed D-3, represents high-affinity 3H-agonist binding sites demonstrating low, micromolar, affinity for butyrophenones. In the rat striatum, D-3 sites were decreased 50% by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the nigrostriatal DA pathway, suggesting that such D-3 binding labels presynaptic DA autoreceptors on nigrostriatal terminals. However, nigrostriatal denervation produces a concomitant depletion of striatal DA. Here we demonstrate that a reserpine-induced depletion of DA produces a decrease in D-3 binding comparable to that seen with nigrostriatal denervation, independent of presynaptic terminal degeneration. This loss in binding, or that caused by 6-OHDA lesions, is recovered by preincubating the striatal membranes with DA or with the supernatant from control striatal membrane preparations. We therefore suggest that the loss of D-3 binding following 6-OHDA lesions results from the depletion of endogenous DA rather than the degeneration of terminals and their putatively associated autoreceptors.