不锈钢水下激光焊接焊缝成形与力学性能

摘要： 采用水下局部干法激光焊接技术对1 mm厚SUS304不锈钢进行了焊接试验,重点分析了水深及保护气体流量对焊缝成形与力学性能的影响.实验结果表明：通过适当的水深与保护气体流量匹配,可以获得成形良好、剪切拉伸强度与母材相当的焊缝.在水深一定时,随着气体流量的增加,焊缝熔宽变宽,熔深变浅,深宽比减小.在气体流量一定时,随着水深的增加,焊缝熔深和熔宽也表现出类似的变化规律.与普通激光焊接相比,水下激光焊接改变了焊缝的散热方向以及散热速度,因此同一焊接工艺参数下,水下激光焊接的熔深变浅,熔宽变宽.
关键词： 水下焊接; 激光焊; 奥氏体不锈钢; 焊缝成形; 力学性能
中图分类号： TG 456.7文献标志码： A     

焊接热输入对镁合金与镀铜钢冷金属过渡焊接接头性能和缺陷影响

利用冷金属过渡焊(CMT)对镁合金和镀铜钢异种金属进行焊接,填充材料选择AZ31镁合金焊丝,对焊接接头的显微组织进行检测,分析焊接接头的性能和缺陷。实验结果表明:Cu元素对镁合金在钢表面的润湿铺展起到良好的促进作用,焊接热输入影响Cu元素对镁/钢表面的润湿铺展效果。焊接接头产生富铜区,易产生裂纹,降低了焊接接头强度。经过拉伸测试,在焊接热输入为212. 2 J/mm时,焊接接头强度达到最大值3. 99 k N,但在焊接热输入达到254. 6 J/mm时,焊接强度反而降低,这是由于钎焊区生成了大量的中间层脆性化合物。焊接接头组织中检测到气孔、夹渣和裂纹等焊接缺陷的存在,这与母材表面的氧化膜和焊缝内应力有关。     

Microstructure and properties of the interlayer heat-affected zone in X80 pipeline girth welds

The heat-affected zone between the layers of a weld metal is a sensitive and important component of girth welds in X80 pipelines.However,only a few studies have focused on the interlayer heat-afected zone(IHAZ).In this work,thermal simulation was conducted to investigate the relationship between IHAZ microstructure and properties.Results showed that the toughness of the weld metal improved after a single welding thermal cycle but decreased after double welding thermal cycles,particularly when the weld metal was subjected to unaltered coarse grains of IHAZ.The relationship between the microstructure and properties of IHAZ was established to present the correlation of toughness with granular bainite content,grain size,and high-angle grain boundary content.     

Characterizations of dissimilar S32205/316L welds using austenitic,super-austenitic and super-duplex filler metals

UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel plates were welded to AISI 316L stainless steel using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process with three different filler metals: ER2594, ER312, and ER385. The microstructures of the welds were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and all of the specimens were evaluated by ferrite measurements. The mechanical properties were studied through hardness, tensile, and impact tests. In addition, the pitting resistance equivalent number was calculated and cyclic polarization tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the weld metal. The results showed that chromium nitride was formed in the heat-affected zone of the duplex side, whereas no sigma phase was detected in any of the specimens. The ferrite number increased from the root pass to the final pass. The absorbed energies of the impact test decreased with increasing ferrite number, whereas the tensile strength was enhanced. The fully austenitic microstructure of the specimen welded with ER385 exhibited the highest resistance to pitting corrosion at 25°C, and the super-duplex weld metal presented superior corrosion resistance at 50°C.     

铝合金5083和5052的激光焊接

通过工件表面焊前准备状态、接头形式和焊接工艺参数对焊缝形状的影响，分析了铝合金５０８３与５０５２在相同焊接条件下的激光焊接相同点和不同点；通过焊缝截面形状和微观组织的观察，得到了焊接条件对焊缝表面下凹度和胞状树枝晶间距的影响趋势，观察到在本实验条件下的焊缝组织主要由胞状树枝晶的一次组织和二次组织组成；通过电子探针（ＥＰＭＡ）法对焊缝主要合金元素Ｍｇ含量分布及微观偏析的测定，认为Ｍｇ的蒸发损失受到焊接条件的影响；显微硬度的分布状态表明，焊接中Ｍｇ的分布及含量决定了显微硬度的分布与大小，而且Ａ５０８３和Ａ５０５２熔化区显微硬度分别大于母材值的９１％和９３％。     

Monitoring and phenomena observation during YAG laser lap welding of Zn-coated steel sheets

1　IntroductionZn coatedsteelsareusedinvariousindustryfieldsbecauseoflowpricesandhighcorrosionresistance .ItisalsoknownthatZncausesspattersorporosityeasilyinlaserlapwelding[1～ 3] .ItisthusexpectedtounderstandlaserweldingphenomenonofZn coatedsteels,tointe…     

电离气体组分对高频等离子体温度的影响

电感耦合高频等离子体在高纯材料合成等领域具有重要应用。电离气体组分影响等离子温度,并影响其使用性能。通过改变电离气体中氧气与氮气的配比,以及往空气中掺入不同比例的氩气,研究了电离气体组分对高频等离子体温度的影响。结果表明,电离气体中氧气相对氮气气体比例的增加可显著提高等离子体温度,同时可促进Si与O粒子的结合。在加料前氧气含量从10%增加到90%时,等离子体电子温度从6 282 K增加到了7 047 K;加料后电子温度同样随氧气含量增加而升高;并且游离Si粒子数量随之显著降低;往空气中掺入氩气同样可以提高等离子体电子温度并促进二氧化硅的形成,但其作用弱于氧气。     

AZ31镁合金板材自动氩弧焊接工艺研究

利用六轴焊接机器人夹持氩弧焊枪进行AZ31镁合金自动氩弧焊接工艺研究,焊后利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和万能试验机等对焊接接头进行微观组织表征及力学性能测试。结果表明,在焊接电流160 A、焊接速度0.45 m/min、填丝速度0.6 m/min、钨极针与板材距离0.5 mm（前半段）和2.0 mm（后半段）以及保护气体流量16 L/min（正面）和21 L/min（背面）的条件下,能得到外观形貌良好、质量可靠的AZ31镁合金焊接接头。焊接接头的金相组织显示,焊缝区微观组织可清晰地分为母材区,热影响区和熔化区。焊接过程在热影响区和熔化区出现了大量的沉淀相,X射线衍射结果表明,该沉淀相为β Mg17Al12沉淀相。拉伸结果显示,焊接接头的抗拉强度达到了母材的81.02%,在断口观察到了大量的解离面和韧窝的存在,呈现出脆性断裂与韧性断裂相结合的混合断裂特征。     

自保护药芯焊丝中固氮机制的研究

在ＣａＦ２－ＴｉＯ２－ＭｇＯ渣系自保护药芯焊丝缝中，可采用固氮元素钛达到消除氮气孔的目的，在不同氮含量水平下，通过热力学方法计算防止氮气孔的最佳钛量结构表明：大致０．１１ｗｔ％的钛量即可防止焊缝中出现氮气孔。     

高炉处理烧结烟气脱硫脱硝理论分析

对利用高炉处理烧结烟气同时脱硫脱硝脱二噁英技术的可行性进行了理论探讨,分析高炉内部还原二氧化硫和氮氧化物,以及分解二噁英的热力学条件,探讨烧结烟气代替空气鼓风对理论燃烧温度、风量、炉缸煤气、炉顶煤气和铁水硫含量的影响.结果表明：二氧化硫、一氧化氮和二氧化氮的最低平衡体积分数分别为1.84×10-13%、3.08×10-11%和3.72×10-21%,高炉内部还原二氧化硫和氮氧化物是可行的;高炉具有分解二噁英的有利热力学条件;烟气中二氧化硫和一氧化碳对理论燃烧温度的影响可忽略,氮氧化物能略微提高理论燃烧温度,二氧化碳体积分数增加1%,理论燃烧温度降低大约40.5℃,但通过降低鼓风湿度和提高富氧率等措施,能达到高炉正常生产时的炉缸热状态水平;随着烟气中二氧化碳含量的增加,风量、炉缸和炉顶煤气量都逐渐降低,炉缸煤气一氧化碳和氢气含量增加,炉顶煤气中一氧化碳、氢气、二氧化碳和水含量都增加,氮气含量显著降低;铁水硫含量与烟气二氧化硫含量成正比,但当二氧化硫质量浓度达到2000 mg·m-3,铁水中硫质量分数仅为0.025%,铁水质量仍合格.通过综合调节高炉操作参数,也可以实现烧结烟气代替空气鼓风进行高炉炼铁生产,达到脱硫脱硝脱二恶英的目的.     

LF21铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对厚度为1.4 mm的LF21铝合金薄板进行单道对接焊实验。实验结果表明:在旋转速度为1 500 r/min,焊接速度为100~180 mm/min时,均可获得较好的焊接性能,焊缝的抗拉强度在125~134 MPa之间,焊接强度系数为基材强度的78%~83%,说明该铝合金薄板采用搅拌摩擦焊方法的焊接适应性好。硬度测试结果表明焊缝发生了软化,其软化区宽度约为25 mm。在焊接热循环的作用下,锰在焊缝区沿轧制方向析出并聚集成较粗大的脆性MnAl6化合物,降低了焊缝的抗拉强度。     

红外热成像技术对焊接过程的研究

本文应用红外热成像技术对焊接过程进行了研究.试验表明,红外热象仪能直接看到电弧下的焊接熔池的温度分布,因此以它为温度传感器作为弧焊机器人焊接系统的一环,比电磁、激光等其他温度传感器简便、快速、正确、可靠,有利于实时检测和监控. 本文研究指出,红外热象图可以实时地动态地显示焊接熔池及热影响区的表面温度.红外热剖面线的形状和尺寸随着焊接输入热、熔深、熔宽的变化而相应地变化,并取得一组关系曲线.如果通过焊接过程的控制使焊缝熔深、熔宽保持不变,将使焊接质量提高到前所未有的新水平.     

SiCp/Al MMCs等离子弧原位焊接接头组织与性能

通过填充Ti,N元素对SiCp／Al基复合材料（SiCp／Al MMCs）进行等离子弧原位焊接,分析了焊缝的组织和力学性能．以氩、氮混合气体为离子气,0．8mm厚钛片作为原位合金化材料进行原位焊接,不仅抑制了脆性相的形成,而且在焊缝中形成了TiN,TiC等新的增强相,保证了焊接接头的性能．力学性能试验结果表明,不加填充材料焊接时,试样拉伸强度仅为母材强度的31．24％;进行原位焊接时,试样强度达到母材强度的50．89％．断口主要表现为混合型脆性断口．     

微量元素降低焊缝扩散氢含量的机理探讨

采用熔池添加合过渡法研究微量元素Ｙ和Ｔｅ对焊缝扩散氢含量的影响，结果表明，熔池法过渡微量元素的降氢效果显著，降氢机理为：Ｙ和Ｔ均属表面活性元素，能改变熔池液态金属的表面性质，减少表面对电弧这僮氢原子的吸附，使焊缝金属扩散氢含量降低。     

现代双相不锈钢焊接研究

在概述现代双相不锈钢的发展及有关焊接方面若干问题的基础上，采用有代表性的2205双相不锈钢进行MIG焊接试验，研究了热输入量对焊缝的金相组织、铁素体含量、硬度及冲击韧性的影响，以及混合保护气体（Ar30％He1％O2）对焊缝成形及性能的影响。此外还提出了采用计算机图象分析仪进行铁素体含量测定的方法。研究结果表明，2205双相不锈钢具有良好的可焊性，采用MIG焊在不同的规范下均可以获得性能优异的焊缝；混合保护气较纯氩保护时可以获得更大的熔深和更好的焊缝形状；计算机图象分析可以更迅速、精确地测定铁素体含量，且重复性好。     

添加或未添加 Cu?Nb 的超低碳高强度钢焊接金属的显微组织和力学性能

Two types of ultralow carbon steel weld metals (with and without added Cu?Nb) were prepared using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) to investigate the correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties of weld metals. The results of microstructure characterization showed that the weld metal without Cu?Nb was mainly composed of acicular ferrite (AF), lath bainite (LB), and granular bainite (GB). In contrast, adding Cu?Nb to the weld metal caused an evident transformation of martensite and grain coarsening. Both weld metals had a high tensile strength (more than 950 MPa) and more than 17% elongation; however, their values of toughness deviated greatly, with a difference of approximately 40 J at ?50°C. Analysis of the morphologies of the fracture surfaces and secondary cracks further revealed the correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties. The effects of adding Cu and Nb on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal are discussed; the indication is that adding Cu?Nb increases the hardenability and grain size of the weld metal and thus deteriorates the toughness.     

Effects of different friction stir welding conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper plates

Friction stir welding is a new and innovative welding method used to fuse materials. In this welding method, the heat generated by friction and plastic flow causes significant changes in the microstructure of the material, which leads to local changes in the mechanical properties of the weld. In this study, the effects of various welding parameters such as the rotational and traverse speeds of the tool on the microstructural and mechanical properties of copper plates were investigated; additionally, Charpy tests were performed on copper plates for the first time. Also, the effect of the number of welding passes on the aforementioned properties has not been investigated in previous studies. The results indicated that better welds with superior properties are produced when less heat is transferred to the workpiece during the welding process. It was also found that although the properties of the stir zone improved with an increasing number of weld passes, the properties of its weakest zone, the heat-affected zone, deteriorated.     

膨胀波纹管焊缝缺陷的检测及影响评价分析

焊缝可靠的性能是膨胀波纹管技术成功应用的关键因素之一。针对膨胀波纹管焊缝检测方法和性能评价标准缺失的现状,引入了数字化X射线平板成像技术。结合图像处理软件实现了波纹管焊缝缺陷的检测,可准确检测出缺陷的类型、尺寸及所处的位置,检测精度可达到0.01 mm。分析了气孔型、未焊透型和裂纹型这三种缺陷分别在焊缝的凹区和肩区时,缺陷的轴向宽度、径向深度、环向长度等参数对膨胀性能的影响,给出了30 MPa膨胀压力下的临界失效尺寸。人为地在焊缝上制备了特定尺寸的缺陷,通过水力膨胀试验,验证了计算结果的可靠性。该研究成果为膨胀波纹管的焊缝质量提供了检测方法,为焊缝性能的评价提供了依据。     

自保护药芯焊丝焊缝金属化学成分与性能的研究

自保护药芯焊丝焊缝金属中氧、氮含量较高，而塑性、韧性较低。根据自保护焊接化学原理，分析了铝、钛等金属对脱氧和固氮的作用，研究 了适合自保护焊接合理的焊缝金属化学成分。     

奥氏体焊缝热裂纹形成机理的研究──成分对25%Cr-20%Ni奥氏体焊缝热裂倾向的影响

为了弄清影响热裂纹产生的基本因素及机理，采用点焊拘束试验对 ２５－２０型及１８－ ８型奥氏体焊缝的热裂敏感性进行了试验，并对裂纹断口形貌和元素在晶间的偏析情况进 行了研究。根据含 Ｓ为 ０．０２３％的 １８－８型焊缝热裂纹断口形貌特征分析了结晶过程中 σ相对提高抗热裂性能的有利作用。确定了 Ｍｎ和 Ｒｅ对 ２５－２０型奥氏体焊缝热裂倾 向的影响规律。