微生物几丁质酶的研究概况

微生物几丁质酶在自然界中广泛存在,并在物质循环中起重要作用。本文就产生几丁质酶的微生物种类、微生物几丁质酶的特点、酶学性质、产生条件、作用机理及应用等方面的研究状况进行了综述。认为微生物几丁质酶在植物病害的防治中有着广阔的应用前景。     

微生物几丁质酶的特性及其应用的研究进展

几丁质酶可以降解几丁质,其降解产物可以用于抗虫、医药、化工、食品等领域.目前已从微生物中获得多种几丁质酶并克隆其几丁质酶基因.本文主要对产几丁质酶微生物的分类及其分布特点、微生物几丁质酶的性质、结构、基因调节及应用等进行综述.     

抗稻瘟病几丁质酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件的研究

稻瘟病具有传染快、危害大等特点,其微生物防治具有良好的发展前景.本实验采用以稻瘟病细胞壁为筛选培养基来筛选抗稻瘟病的几丁质酶产生菌,并对筛选到的优良茵株进行产酶条件优化.实验结果表明,从不同来源的土壤和植物器官中分离得到16株能检测到几丁质酶活性的几丁质酶产生茵,其中以H3和H9的产酶能力最强,具有良好的开发价值.     

九孔鲍肠道及水体中产几丁质酶菌群的测定

通过特定的TCBS(Thiosufate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose)和筛选培养基,对九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中菌群的产几丁质酶能力进行了研究．结果表明,在鲍鱼肠道及其养殖水体中均存在有能分泌几丁质酶的微生物．在鲍鱼肠道中,共分离到12株菌株,占总细菌的34．3％,它们分别属于Vibrio fluvialis和Vibrio minicus;在鲍鱼养殖水体中则分离到4株菌株,占总细菌的11．8％,属于Vibrio fluvialis．比较鲍鱼肠道和养殖水体中产几丁质酶菌株的比例及其能力的大小,可以发现前者的比例高于后者,由此表明了鲍鱼肠道对菌株的选择性．     

蜂房芽孢杆菌B－91几丁质酶的合成条件

从厦门地区牡养殖场分离筛选到一株产几丁质酶活力较高的蜂房芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌ－ｌｕｓａｌｖｅｉ）Ｂ－９１，研究了该菌几丁质酶的合成条件。结果表明：该菌在以几丁质为碳氮源的培养基中生长，能合成多量的几丁质酶。酶的合成受各种几丁质诱导。在产酶培养基中添加不同的有机或无机氮源，均能促进酶的合成，而葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和乳糖对酶合成有阻遏作用。该菌几丁质酶合成的最适培养基初始ｐＨ为６．８，最适温度为２８℃。在２５０ｍｌ三角瓶装５０ｍｌ培养基，接种量为２％，振荡培养６０ｈ时，培养液中几丁质酶活力可达２２１２ｕ／ｍＬ．     

海洋细菌11211的生长条件及其几丁质酶研究

从南海海水中分离到产几丁质酶的弧菌（Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ ｓｐ．）,研究了菌株１１２１１的生长条件和产酶条件。１１２１１菌生长需要Ｎａ＾＋,海水的其他成分对菌生长也有影响。胶体几丁质可诱导几丁质酶产生。在几丁质培养基中１１２１１菌的产酶高峰为生长的第７天。经硫酸铵沉淀,Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００、ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素及几丁质柱层析,酶被纯化了１８倍。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析,酶的相对分子质量约为３００００。该     

舞毒蛾几丁质酶的研究进展

舞毒蛾是一种世界性林业害虫,在我国各省均有分布。舞毒蛾幼虫主要蚕食果树、柳树等树木的树叶．严重危害林业安全。文章介绍了舞毒蛾的危害、几丁质酶的相关知识及舞毒蛾几丁质酶的研究现状．并对应用几丁质酶防治舞毒蛾的前景进行了论述。     

海洋弧菌Z010产生几丁质酶的发酵条件研究

以海洋弧菌Ｚ０１０菌株为对象,研究了其产生几丁质酶的发酵条件。研究表明,其产酶的最佳发酵条件为：２２１６Ｅ液体培养基中含０．５％（ｗ／ｖ）的胶体几丁质,０．５％（ｗ／ｖ）的蛋白胨,培养起始ｐＨ值为７．０,２５℃摇床２００ｒ／ｍｉｎ培养３６ｈ,几丁质酶产出最大。     

几丁质酶的结构特征与功能

几丁质酶在各种生物中起着非常重要的生理作用.最近几年,在哺乳动物中发现多种几丁质酶及类几丁质酶蛋白,它们在免疫炎症反应中起着非常重要的作用.本文综述了人几丁质酶Chitotriosidase和AMCase以及类几丁质酶YKL39,YKL40和Oviductins的结构特征与功能特点,探讨它们与相关疾病的关系.并阐述了它们之间的进化关系.     

白孢链霉菌(Streptomyces albosporeus)CT—86几丁质酶研究

应用磷酸膨胀几丁质双层平板,从土壤中篩选到48株分解几丁质的链霉菌。经紫外线诱变后,得到一株能强烈分解磷酸膨胀几丁质的突变株CT—86。在1～1.5％的磷酸膨胀几丁质、1％豆饼粉的营养盐培养基中,30℃培养8～10天,酶活达到0.4mg N—乙酰葡萄胺/h。在几丁质浓废为0.5～1％范围内,单位酶活随几丁质浓度的增加而提高。以葡萄糖和N—乙酰葡萄糖胺为碳源时,在上述培养条件下,无酶活捡出。磷酸膨胀几丁质为底物,酶作用的最适温度是48℃,最适pH为6.5;酶液在60℃保温2小时后,酶活力丧失70％左右。     

Diversity of 16S rDNA and environmental factor influencing microorganisms in Malan ice core

The research on extrempholic microorganisms in glacial low-temperature environment receives more attention than ever before. Due to the successive chronological records in ice core, it is important to initiate microbiological studies on ice core samples. 23 samples from one ice core,drilled from central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed.The number of total microorganisms and culturable microorganisms in different layers showed that it related with the content of dust in ice. It is suggested that the distribution of microorganisms in ice depends on the transportation of materials during glacier development. The bacteria diversity in Malan Glacier was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing methods, which showed that many sequences were similar to known psychrophilic bacteria.     

Diversity of 16S rDNA and environmental factor influncing microorganisms in Malan ice core

The research on extrempholic microorganisms in glacial low-temperature environment receives more attention than ever before. Due to the successive chronological records in ice core, it is important to initiate microbiological studies on ice core samples. 23 samples from one ice core, drilled from central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed. The number of total microorganisms and culturable microorganisms in different layers showed that it related with the content of dust in ice. It is suggested that the distribution of microorganisms in ice depends on the transportation of materials during glacier development. The bacteria diversity in Malan Glacier was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing methods, which showed that many sequences were similar to known psychrophilic bacteria.     

发酵法产酶生产几丁寡糖的工艺研究

利用前期获得并经基因工程改造的一株高效几丁质酶降解菌进行发酵产酶法降解几丁质胶体与膜分离相耦合制备几丁寡糖的中试研究.经过中试发酵工艺、酶反应工艺、分离纯化工艺的研究,最终确定了一条高效制备几丁寡糖的中试规模工艺流程,该流程中反应分离一体化,过程实现连续操作,降解酶可以连续使用,提高了收率,降低了成本,有利于实现产业化.通过该流程制备的几丁寡糖混合物含几丁2、3、4糖分别为71.3%、23.5%、2.4%.     

Purification and inhibition fungal growth of chitinases from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio pacini</Emphasis>

Vibrio pacini synthesizes multiple chitinases, of which three have been purified in this study by ammonium sulphate fractionation, chitin affinity chromatography and gel chromatography. Molecular weights of the three chitinases, Chi1, Chi2 and Chi3 are 27×10³, 39×10³ and 46×10³ respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The purified enzymes have optimal activity at pH 7–8, and retain 50% enzymatic activity pH 4–9. The activities of chitinases are inhibited by Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺, and increased by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺. Chi3 is found to inhibit the growth of six species of fungi. Such characters of chitinase are different from those of any other chitinase that were reported before. Foundation item: Supported by the Key Technologies Research and Development Programme of the Tenth Five-Year Plan of the Nation Scientific and Technological Development (2001 BA708B04-07) Biography: HAN Bao-qin (1963-), female, Professor.     

辐照对长江可培养微生物的影响及挑选指示微生物

以长江中下游区域的水体为研究对象,通过分离纯化手段,对不同辐照剂量下长江水样中可培养微生物种类、数量进行研究.结果显示:辐照引起可培养微生物数量大幅下降,但可培养微生物群落结构变得更加丰富.各菌属中,黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)受辐照影响最大,培养得到的菌落比例下降了28.98%,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)对辐照耐受性极强,菌落比例上升了15.78%.同时发现了长江水体中具有指示价值的微生物d(Flavobacterium nitratireducens strain N1),为放射性污染的生物监测提供相关参考依据.     

斜纹夜蛾几丁质酶家族基因鉴定与时空表达分析

昆虫GH18家族几丁质酶属于多基因家族,在昆虫的蜕皮与变态过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,它催化表皮几丁质的降解.斜纹夜蛾是一种重要的农业害虫,危害290多种植物,但对其几丁质酶未深入研究.该文通过斜纹夜蛾转录组学分析,发现了12种潜在的几丁质酶,分属于8类.对这些几丁质酶在斜纹夜蛾变态发育时在表皮、中肠以及脂肪体的时空表达分析结果表明,Sl Cht5,Sl Cht9和Sl Cht2的表达水平在幼虫转化为蛹时上调表达,说明这些几丁质酶可能参与了斜纹夜蛾变态时期的脱皮作用;而其他几丁质酶的表达具有组织特性,表明它们可能具有不同功能,如Sl Cht6仅在中肠和脂肪体中表达,Sl Cht11,Sl Cht12和Sl Cht16主要在中肠和表皮表达,Sl IDGF2仅在表皮有表达,Sl IDGF3和Sl Cht9在三大组织均有表达.本研究结果对斜纹夜蛾几丁质酶家族基因的鉴定和时空表达作了初步的分析,为研究它们在斜纹夜蛾发育中的功能与调控打下基础.     

青藏高原盐湖嗜盐微生物资源及应用前景

 青藏高原盐湖极端的自然地理条件孕育了一类独特的嗜盐微生物。阐述了青藏高原盐湖嗜盐微生物的主要类群及其对盐胁迫的适应机制,分析了青藏高原盐湖嗜盐微生物的特点、研究进展,以及盐湖嗜盐微生物资源的应用前景。青藏高原盐湖极端环境嗜盐微生物的研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值,为探索生命的本质与起源,开发新型的食物、药品以及新材料、新技术,提供了宝贵的独特生物资源。     

Alternative split sites for fragment complementation,and glyphosate function as extra ligand and stabilizer for the AroA enzyme complexes

Protein reconstitution analysis can be useful for studies on protein evolution, protein folding and macromolecular assembly. AroA is a key enzyme in the pathway toward the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in microorganisms and plants, and is the target of the herbicide glyphosate. Our previous study showed that functional AroA enzyme from Escherichia coli could be reconstituted from two ~220-amino acid fragments of the protein. In this study, we explored this fragment complementation of AroA. Through a sys...     

东北梅花鹿肠道纤维素降解微生物的分离筛选

食草动物依赖胃肠道微生物分解利用天然木质纤维素物质。为获得高效纤维素降解菌，本文将东北梅花鹿粪便样品，经过研磨，重悬于羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）作为唯一碳源的富集培养基中，进行富集培养和筛选，用革兰氏碘液染色显示纤维素水解圈，通过纤维素水解圈直径（D）和菌落直径（d）比值，初步判断纤维素降解菌降解纤维素能力．筛选出106株纤维素降解微生物，包括72株细菌、22株真菌和12株放线菌．细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS序列测序结果显示，这些纤维素降解菌主要集中分布于变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）．本文提供了一种快速有效的反刍动物肠道纤维素降解微生物的筛选方法，为东北梅花鹿肠道微生物高通量测序结果提供实验数据支持．      

The immune response of Drosophila

Drosophila mounts a potent host defence when challenged by various microorganisms. Analysis of this defence by molecular genetics has now provided a global picture of the mechanisms by which this insect senses infection, discriminates between various classes of microorganisms and induces the production of effector molecules, among which antimicrobial peptides are prominent. An unexpected result of these studies was the discovery that most of the genes involved in the Drosophila host defence are homologous or very similar to genes implicated in mammalian innate immune defences. Recent progress in research on Drosophila immune defence provides evidence for similarities and differences between Drosophila immune responses and mammalian innate immunity.