酒石酸钾钠和EDTA·2Na盐化学镀铜体系

研究了酒石酸钾钠(TART)和EDTA·2Na盐双络合化学镀铜体系中各因素对沉铜速度稳定性及镀层附着力的影响. 实验结果表明: 化学镀铜速度随着络合剂酒石酸钾钠和EDTA·2Na盐浓度以及施镀时间的增加而减小, 随着硫酸铜浓度、甲醛浓度、溶液pH值和反应温度的增加而增加;添加剂α, α'-联吡啶、亚铁氰化钾和PEG-1000对镀铜速度的影响较小, 但对铜镀层外观质量影响较大. 其化学镀铜最佳条件为: CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度为16 g/L, EDTA·2Na盐为21 g/L, 酒石酸钾钠为16 g/L, 甲醛为5.0 g/L, 亚铁氰化钾为70 mg/L, α, α'-联吡啶为8 mg/L, PEG-1000为1 g/L, pH值为12.75, 镀液温度为50 ℃. 在最佳条件下, 化学镀铜30 min后所得镀层附着力良好、外观红亮且镀速达到3.4 μm/h. 由扫描电镜照片可见: 镀层表面平整、光滑、晶粒细致.     

氧化锌、氧化亚锡的复合化学镀铜

研究了氧化锌、氧化亚锡两种固体微粒复合化学镀铜的工艺条件。重点探讨了镀液温度、p H值、Zn O及 Sn O浓度对黑碳钢表面复合化学镀铜层耐磨性的影响。结果是 :对 Cu- Zn O镀层 ,当镀液温度为 6 5°C、p H值为 1 2 .5、Zn O含量为 1 0 g/ L时镀层质量最好 ;对 Cu- Sn O镀层 ,当镀液温度为 70°C、p H值为 1 2 .5、Sn O含量为 5g/ L时镀层质量最好。同时 ,本文对 Cu、Cu- Zn O及 Cu- Sn O三种不同镀层的抗氧化性、耐磨性、镀层与基体的结合力作了比较 ,发现三种镀层与基体材料的结合力很强 ,而以 Cu- Sn O镀层抗氧化性及耐磨性为最佳。     

高速高稳定耐蚀性化学镀镍工艺的优化

在筛选出合适的化学镀镍的配位剂、稳定剂、加速剂等的基础上,运用正交实验法,以镀速、镀液稳定性及镀层耐腐蚀性为指标,确定了化学镀镍的配方及施镀工艺.结果表明,经过电化学前处理后,采用配方NiSO4·6H2O21.0g/L,NaH2PO2·H2O25.4g/L,乳酸43.2g/L,甘氨酸6g/L,Cd2+2.5×10-3g/L,苹果酸4g/L,CH3COONa8g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠2.0×10-2g/L,pH=4.6～5.1,在90℃下施镀1.5h,镀速15.62μm/h,镀液稳定性125s,镀件耐腐蚀性大于43s.     

微孔聚氨酯泡沫超声强化化学镀铜的研究

为研制金属泡沫材料电沉积制备所需的导电泡沫基体,以孔径为0.3 mm的微孔聚氨酯泡沫为基体进行化学镀铜新工艺研究。探讨镀液组成、温度、pH及超声强化对化学镀铜工艺的影响,得出化学镀铜优化工艺条件如下:硫酸铜质量浓度为16 g/L,酒石酸钾钠质量浓度为30 g/L,Na2EDTA质量浓度为20 g/L,α,α′-联吡啶质量浓度为25 mg/L,亚铁氰化钾质量浓度为25 mg/L,PEG-1000质量浓度为1 g/L,甲醛含量为5 mL/L,镀液pH为12.5~13.0,温度为50℃。在此条件下,镀液稳定性好,镀层光亮平整,镀速可达0.102 mg/min;超声强化可有效提高镀速20%~30%;化学镀铜后的导电泡沫基体经电沉积工艺可制备得到孔隙率为92.2%的三维网状金属泡沫材料。     

Ni-金刚石复合镀层的制备

通过复合电镀方法,在镀镍液中加入粒径为40 μm的金刚石粉体制备Ni-金刚石复合镀层.采用阴极动电位极化方法、扫描电镜和显微硬度计探讨镀液温度、pH、镍离子浓度、电流密度和金刚石粉体质量浓度对镀层质量的影响,优化Ni-金刚石复合镀的工艺参数;采用X线衍射分析仪表征优化后复合镀层的结构.研究结果表明:优化的镀液组成和工艺参数为:NiSO4·6H2O 132 g/L,NiCl2 15 g/L,H3BO3 30 g/L,镀液温度(50±1)℃,pH 3～4,阴极电流密度4 A/dm2,金刚石粉体质量浓度30 g/L;优化后的复合镀层表面平整,晶粒细小均匀,且金刚石粉体的质量分数为62.7％;与纯Ni镀层的晶粒相比,Ni-金刚石复合镀层的晶粒明显细化.     

化学复合镀Ni-P-PTFE的研究

研究了化学复合镀 Ni-P-PTFE(聚四氟乙烯 )工艺中表面活性剂、PTFE的用量及温度对Ni-P-PTFE镀层性能和镀速的影响。试验表明 :在化学镀 Ni-P合金的酸性镀液中 ,表面活性剂1 2 2 7(阳离子 )、JFC(非离子 )及 PTFE(微粉 )的用量分别为 4 .5m L·L- 1 ,6m L·L- 1 和 6～ 5g·L- 1 ,p H为 5.0 ,温度为 85～ 90°C时 ,可获得较佳性能的 Ni-P-PTFE镀层     

不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti最佳镀液配方与施镀条件的优选

为获得外观光洁,镀层均匀且致密的不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti,本文通过正交试验在充分考虑镀液稳定性、镀速、镀层质量等因素后,择优筛选出1Cr18Ni9Ti镀液配方及施镀条件：硫酸镍（25g/L）,次亚磷酸钠（35g/L）,乙酸钠（20g/L）,柠檬酸（5g/L）,乳酸（10g/L）,硫脲（1mg/L）;温度为88℃,pH值4.8。经检测,镀液稳定性好;镀层外观光亮,厚度均匀、致密;施镀后试样耐蚀性明显优于不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti的耐蚀性。     

酸性复合化学镀Ni-P-纳米TiO_2的研究

采用酸性复合化学镀工艺在碳钢表面镀镍-磷-纳米二氧化钛合金,以沉积速率、孔隙率、显微硬度、纳米二氧化钛在复合镀液中的分散性为评价指标。在以pH=4.8、施镀时间为1h的基础上,以柠檬酸为主络合剂,醋酸钠-醋酸为缓冲体系,研究了主盐硫酸镍、还原剂次亚磷酸钠、稳定剂A、表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠对镀层及镀液的影响。结果表明,确定最优镀液配方为:硫酸镍为28g/L、次亚磷酸钠32g/L、稳定剂A为2.5mg/L、十二烷基苯磺酸钠40mg/L时,复合镀层耐蚀性好、显微硬度高。复合镀层表面平整、纳米TiO_2颗粒分布均匀。     

超声波对电沉积Ni-Al_2O_3复合镀层的影响

采用超声-电沉积方式制备Ni-Al2O3复合镀层.并利用硬度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等研究超声波对镀层性能的影响.结果表明,最佳工艺为超声波频率f=19 kHz,超声波功率P=160 W;电流密度4 A/dm2,镀液中Al2O3颗粒浓度30 g/L,镀液pH值4.5,温度40℃.适当超声波作用下电沉积获得的复合镀层致密、平整,Al2O3颗粒在镀层中的分布状况有较大程度的改善.     

工艺条件对稀土Ce掺杂化学沉积Fe-P合金的影响

研究了工艺条件对稀土 CeCl3·7H2O 掺杂化学镀FeFe-P合金沉积过程和镀层性能的影响.结果表明:施镀温度对镀层沉积速率和耐蚀性影响均较明显,温度升高提供了较大的化学反应能量,从而提高了镀层沉积速率.络合剂NH4Cl的加入可明显改善镀层品质,使晶粒变小.能谱分析表明,NH4Cl的加入有利于镀层中Fe的沉积,抑制了P的沉积.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.