转Bt+CpTI基因抗虫棉品种SGK321性状分析和种质利用

SGK321是以"石远321"为受体,导入Bt CpTI双价抗虫基因后育成的抗虫棉品种。SGK321霜前皮棉产量水平高于常规对照品种,接近杂交对照品种。其早熟性较好,生育期短于对照品种,霜前花率高于对照品种,第一果枝节位适中。抗虫性明显优于一般Bt抗虫棉,三代棉铃虫3龄以上幼虫存活率和幼虫株率与对照相比明显下降;用SGK321棉叶饲养棉铃虫,5龄以下幼虫不能化蛹和羽化;对抗性棉铃虫具有较强的抗虫性,尤其是对大龄幼虫的正常生育阻碍作用明显,对幼虫致死快,致死率高;还可延缓棉铃虫抗性的产生。稳产适应性较好、抗逆性强。具有丰富的遗传基础,一般配合力和特殊配合力较高,2001-2006年6年间作为种质资源被中国众多育种机构利用,已培育出72个双价抗虫棉品种(系),其中24个品种通过国家及省级审定,18个品系参加了各级试验;育成抗虫、抗病、大铃、高衣分、优质等不同类型种质材料237份。对中国棉花生产与品种改良产生了重要影响。     

Evaluation of the introgressed lines and screening for elite germplasm in Gossypium

THERE ARE 51 SPECIES IN THE GENUS OF GOSSYPIUM[1]. EXCEPT UPLAND COTTON CULTIVARS, WILD CULTIVARS, SPECIES AND RACE HAVE ABUNDANT GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS DUE TO THEIR VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION AND LONG-TERM NATURAL SELECTION. THEREFORE, THEY POSSESS LOTS OF EXCEL- LENT GENES THAT CAN BE USED TO EXPLOIT POTENTIAL TRAITS, SUCH AS DROUGHT RESISTANCE, DISEASE AND INSECT …     

林木遗传育种研究进展

林木遗传育种是研究森林遗传和林木良种选育理论与技术的科学。其因林木地理变异规律研究而萌芽,伴随着遗传学基本理论体系形成完成奠基,在不断推动遗传改良以满足人工林高效培育的良种急需中实现林木遗传育种现代理论和技术体系构建,并在进入21世纪之后开启了分子设计育种的深入发展阶段。经过近两个世纪的创新发展,林木遗传育种形成了一个适合树木生物学特点、遗传基础研究与育种创新应用紧密结合并协同发展的学科体系。其中,基于轮回选择不断推进以选择、交配、遗传测定为核心的育种循环,完成更高轮次的基本群体、育种群体、选择群体和生产群体建设,是可持续遗传改良的根本所在。在此基础上,或通过远缘杂交选育杂种优势突出的林木品种;或基于有性多倍体化开展多倍体育种,综合利用杂种优势和倍性优势,实现林木多目标性状改良;或采用转基因和基因编辑等分子育种技术,进一步改良已有林木品种或优异种质等。而林木良种生产仍然依赖传统的种子园制种和无性系制种,其中体胚发生技术实用化将是进一步实现种子繁殖树种遗传改良水平提升的有效途径。推动林木育种理论和技术创新,提高育种效率和效果,选育产量更高、品质更优、抗逆性更强、适应性更广的林木良种并应用于生产,保证用更少的人工林面积生产更多的木材及林产品,以减少对天然林的依赖,林木遗传育种在未来将发挥更大的作用。     

现代林木育种关键核心技术研究现状与展望

良种是提升人工林生产力和增强其碳汇能力的重要基础。“林业种质资源培育与质量提升”是国家“十四五”重点研发任务之一。突破制约林木育种效率和遗传增益提升的瓶颈对于保障国家木材安全和实现“双碳”目标具有十分重要的战略意义。由于传统林木育种周期长、效率低、表型选择精度差,以分子育种为代表的现代育种技术可以显著缩短林木育种周期,精准改良目标性状,成为实现高效林木遗传改良的关键途径。笔者分析了限制林木遗传改良进程的主要问题,阐述了全基因组选择育种等现代林木育种关键核心技术的发展现状及应用情况,并对这些技术未来发展方向进行了展望,为加速林木遗传改良的重大技术创新提供参考。     

棉花DELLA蛋白GhGAI2b基因的克隆和功能初步分析

DELLA蛋白是赤霉素信号途径的负调节因子,在棉花纤维发育中有着重要作用。本研究采用同源克隆方法,从棉花中克隆DELLA蛋白Gh GAI2b基因,构建p BP35S:Gh GAI2b和p BP35S:Ghgai2b植物过表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的滴花法转化Col野生型拟南芥。结果表明,棉花DELLA蛋白Gh GAI2b包含了DELLA蛋白家族中所有的典型保守区域;转基因拟南芥表现出莲座叶半径变短,植株矮化,花序紧凑,花器官发育迟缓等生长发育受抑制表型。说明棉花DELLA蛋白Gh GAI2b基因可能参与GA信号途径抑制植物生长发育。     

果树分子育种研究进展

我国是果树产业第一大国,具有丰富的果树品种资源。随着市场需求和自然环境的变化,我国果树产业中出现了一些新问题和新需求亟待解决。深入研究和系统分析我国果树育种现状,并探讨未来发展方向十分必要。转基因技术、分子标记技术等分子育种技术具有周期短、效率高、定向育种精确度高等优点,将其应用于果树育种可以改良果品品质并增强产业竞争力,是现代果树改良育种研究的重要手段。结合我国果树产业现阶段存在的品种单一、品质下降、病虫害危害增加等实际问题,从改善果实色泽、果型、大小、风味、质地、香味、功能物质等果实品质相关性状,以及提高抗干旱、低温、高温等非生物胁迫和抗病虫害等生物胁迫能力出发,综述了现代分子生物学技术在果树育种中的应用进展、不足以及发展建议,认为我国果树分子育种应该以满足不同人群和不同用途需求为基础,培育多样化、个性化的品种;以优质绿色安全为发展方向,培育抗性好、适合省力化栽培的品种;要充分利用果树全基因组丰富的遗传信息资源,在基因组或系统水平上全面分析基因功能,以揭示果树生长发育、环境应答互作分子网络、代谢等分子机制,为果树定向育种奠定基础;同时应综合运用现代生物学等各种先进技术,提升育种效率,逐步缩短培育新品种的周期。     

2017年中国农业科学热点回眸

 2017年,中国农业科学领域取得进一步发展,在作物分子育种、种质资源、植物保护与病虫害防治、动物遗传育种、畜禽疾病防治、园艺科学、分子生物技术、耕作栽培与农业机械化、农产品加工及储藏、农业环境与可持续发展等领域,涌现了一大批新成果和新技术,科技创新能力显著提高,农业科技成果转化逐步加快。本文对2017年中国在水稻分子设计育种、国家级小麦太谷核不育基因克隆、牛羊等畜禽育种、口蹄疫和禽流感等疾病防治、番茄风味解析、遗传转化和DNA测序技术、机械化种植管理和加工、马铃薯加工技术等领域取得的重要成果做一简要盘点。     

Construction of a linkage map and QTL mapping for fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

With the development in spinning technology, the improvement of cotton fiber quality is becoming more and more important. The main objective of this research was to construct a high-density genetic linkage map to facilitate marker assisted selection for fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A genetic linkage map comprising 421 loci and covering 3814.3 cM, accounting for approximately 73.35% of the cotton genome, was constructed using an F2 population derived from cross GX1135 (P 1 )×GX100-2 (P 2 ). Forty-four of 49 linkage groups were assigned to the 26 chromosomes. Fiber quality traits were investigated in F2 population sampled from individuals, and in F2:3 , and F2:4 generations sampled by lines from two sites and one respectively, and each followed a randomized complete block design with two replications. Thirty-nine quantitative trait loci were detected for five fiber quality traits with data from single environments (separate analysis each): 12 for fiber length, five for fiber uniformity, nine for fiber strength, seven for fiber elongation, and six for fiber micronaire, whereas 15 QTLs were found in combined analysis (data from means of different environments in F2:3 generation). Among these QTLs, qFL-chr5-2 and qFL-chr14-2 for fiber length were detected simultaneously in three generations (four environments) and verified further by combined analysis, and these QTLs should be useful for marker assisted selection to improve fiber quality in upland cotton.     

棉花杂交种制种问题研究的进展

本文系作者结合自己的研究工作,搜集和阅读了国内、外有关文献,经过研究、归纳而成。文中扼要的论述了目前世界上对这一问题研究的现状及其发展.1、论述了杂种棉对大幅度提高产量和改进品质蕴藏着巨大的潜力。2、论述了当前在细胞质雄性不育系的研究和选育上,特别是对恢复系的研究中所取得的重大进展。3、作者结合自己的体会,绘制了不育系和恢复的转育图;并从棉花遗传的原理出发,提出了在转育过程中,应该考虑的事项。可以认为是作者今后的研究计划。同时就正于棉花遗传育种同行们。     

分子标记技术在作物育种中的应用与展望

回顾分子标记的发展,介绍了一些有代表性的分子标记在生态学,聚类分析,品种差异性分析以及分子育种中等多方面的应用,并总结了它们的优缺点.随着深度测序技术的发展和多种序列信息库的完善,预测了未来分子标记的发展方向——功能性分子标记(Functional molecular marker),这种新型的分子标记技术利用了基因中的一些功能元件或者重要的单碱基多态性(SNP)位点,提高了在应用中的分辨率和灵敏度.     

天然棕色棉纤维发育过程中生化物质变化规律的研究

目的:比较棕色棉和白色棉纤维发育过程中生化物质含量的差异,分析棕色棉纤维色素合成与纤维发育的关系,为棕色棉育种提供理论依据。方法:以白色棉泗棉3号为对照,测定4种棕色棉各发育阶段纤维中主要生化物质含量及其动态变化规律,分析了棕色棉纤维各发育时期生化物质含量与棕色棉纤维色素含量相关关系。结果:棕色棉纤维40DPA含水率、10DPA还原糖含量低于白色棉,30-40DPA还原糖含量高于白色棉。白色棉20DPA可溶性蛋白质出现高峰期,棕色棉相应的蛋白质高峰期出现在25DPA,棕色棉纤维生长的各阶段纤维素的含量均低于白色棉;棕色棉和白色棉,含水率、还原性糖、可溶性蛋白质的含量都随着棉纤维发育不断降低,而纤维素含量不断增加。成熟棉纤维色素含量与10DPA还原性糖含量、30-40DPA纤维素含量负相关达到显著水平(p<0.05),与35DPA还原性糖含量正相关达到极显著水平(p<0.01),与15DPA纤维素含量负相关达到极显著水平(p<0.01)。结论:棕色棉纤维的各发育阶段的生化物质含量与白色棉表现明显的差异,但是二者在动态变化规律上表现一致;棕色棉色素合成与棉纤维发育过程中生化物质组成关系密切。     

SCFP,a novel fiber-specific promoter in cotton

To investigate the expression pattern of GhSCFP which was isolated from cotton fiber cDNA library, a 1006 bp upstream fragment of the gene was cloned by chromosome walking and fused to GUSand GFP respectively. Histochemical GUS and GFP fluorescence analysis revealed that the expression of the report genes driven by the promoter sequence was detectable only in outer layer cells during the seed development in the transgentic tobaccos. In transgenic cotton, strong GUS activity was observed in spherical protrusions on 0 dpa （days post anthesis） ovule surface, and in the 2-36 dpa fiber cells, while no GUS signals were detected in the root, leaves, stem, corolla, anther and stigma. Our data demonstrated that GhSCFP upstream sequence is a cotton fiber-specific promoter and this promoter will be useful in the molecular research on fiber cell development and in cotton fiber improvements by genetic modification.     

新型分子生物学技术在花卉定向育种中的应用进展

分子生物学技术可以提高花卉定向育种的效率和精准度,其中转基因技术是目前应用最广泛的花卉定向育种技术,基因编辑和高通量测序技术是近年来发展迅速的分子生物学技术。基于国内外研究现状,阐述了转基因和基因编辑技术在花色、花香、株型和抗性育种中的应用,以及高通量测序技术在花卉目标性状调控的分子机制研究、基因定位、分子标记开发方面助力花卉育种的研究进展。提出了利用新型分子生物学技术加快花卉定向育种进程的研究方向与建议,以期为定向培育出具有新奇花色、花香、花型、抗性的观赏植物新品种提供参考。     

Analysis of the Cotton E6 Promoter

An E6 gene from sea island cotton （Gossypium barbadense） was expressed specifically in cotton fiber cells to transfer functions to cultivated species for better transgenic engineering. The regulatory activity of the E6 promoter region was then studied by isolating a 614-bp fragment of the 5＇-flanking region from upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum CR1-12） to produce a green fluorescent protein （GFP） reporter construct for analysis of tissue-specific expression in transgenic tobacco seedlings. Fluorescent analyses indicate that the relatively short E6 promoter is sufficient to direct green fluorescent protein expression specifically in the leaf trichomes （hair cells） of the transgenic tobacco plants. As cotton fibers are also unicellular trichomes that differentiate from epidermal cells of developing cotton ovules, the result suggests that the relatively short E6 promoter can serve as a fiber-specific expression promoter for genetic engineering to improve cotton fiber quality.     

Fine mapping of the dominant glandless Gene Gl2^e in Sea-island cotton （Gossypium barbadense L.）

Gle2 is a mutant gene that controls glandless trait in cotton plants and seeds. It is an important gene resource to gossypol-free cottonseed breeding. The objective of this research was to develop SSR markers tightly linked with Gle2 by using the F2 segregating population containing 1599 plants derived from the cross of G. hirsutum genetic standard line TM-1 and G. barbadense glandless mutant line Hai-1. Genetic analysis suggested that the Gle2 was an incomplete dominant gene. Based on the backbone of genetic linkage map from G. hirsutum × G. barbadense BC1 published by our laboratory,Gle2 was lo-cated between CIR362 and NAU2251b,NAU3860b,STV033,with a genetic distance 9.27 and 0.96 cM,respectively. This result is useful for cloning Gle2 gene by map-based cloning method.     

2018年农业科学热点回眸

 盘点了2018年农业科学研发取得的一些重要成果。小麦、水稻、玉米及大豆、荞麦、马铃薯等主要粮食作物在基因组测序、分子育种、遗传机理解析、氮高效利用、起源演化、基因编辑等方面获得快速发展,发布了世界首个六倍体小麦基因组图谱,完成了3000份水稻基因组计划和中黄13的基因组测序,克隆了一系列产量、品质及抗病虫害基因,解析了一些重要的生长发育调控机制。油菜、棉花、茶叶、烟草等主要经济作物在基因组学、风味调控机理、光合效率等方面有所突破,中国油菜基础研究与应用已达到国际领先水平。此外,水稻、小麦、番茄、苹果等作物的病虫害防治,畜禽的繁殖、品种改良和疾病防治,蜜蜂的基因组和转录组解析,蚕病害防治和驯化历史,化肥和水稻品种对气候变化的影响、气候变化对作物产量的影响,茎叶类蔬菜和食用豆收获设备、油菜播种机等农机农艺领域均有突破性进展。     

小麦醇溶蛋白基因克隆研究进展

麦醇溶蛋白作为小麦胚乳中重要的贮藏蛋白,其组成和含量对小麦面粉的烘烤品质具有重要影响.定向克隆麦醇溶蛋白基因,是研究醇溶蛋白分子结构及其与品质关系的有效途径,并为基因工程改良小麦品质提供新的基因资源,从而推动小麦品质改良工作.本文综述了近年来国内外在麦醇溶蛋白基因克隆方面的研究进展.     

Development of gene-tagged molecular markers for starch synthesis-related genes in rice

Improving grain quality is an important goal in breeding new elite rice varieties, requiring effective tools for the identification of target genotypes. Molecular marker-aided selection (MAS), combined with conventional breeding approaches, enables us to precisely identify the individual genotypes that are associated with different grain quality features, which can dramatically improve the breeding efficiency. However, to date, the number of molecular markers used in MAS for grain quality improvement is still somewhat limited. In this study, based on our previous study that rice grain quality is strongly associated with starch synthesis in the endosperm, we developed 51 gene-tagged molecular markers according to sequence variations in 18 starch synthesis-related genes from 16 typical rice cultivars. These markers can discriminate the different alleles among rice germplasms. These novel markers will provide effective tools in improving grain quality via the breeding new elite rice varieties.