林木遗传育种研究进展

林木遗传育种是研究森林遗传和林木良种选育理论与技术的科学。其因林木地理变异规律研究而萌芽，伴随着遗传学基本理论体系形成完成奠基，在不断推动遗传改良以满足人工林高效培育的良种急需中实现林木遗传育种现代理论和技术体系构建，并在进入21世纪之后开启了分子设计育种的深入发展阶段。经过近两个世纪的创新发展，林木遗传育种形成了一个适合树木生物学特点、遗传基础研究与育种创新应用紧密结合并协同发展的学科体系。其中，基于轮回选择不断推进以选择、交配、遗传测定为核心的育种循环，完成更高轮次的基本群体、育种群体、选择群体和生产群体建设，是可持续遗传改良的根本所在。在此基础上，或通过远缘杂交选育杂种优势突出的林木品种；或基于有性多倍体化开展多倍体育种，综合利用杂种优势和倍性优势，实现林木多目标性状改良；或采用转基因和基因编辑等分子育种技术，进一步改良已有林木品种或优异种质等。而林木良种生产仍然依赖传统的种子园制种和无性系制种，其中体胚发生技术实用化将是进一步实现种子繁殖树种遗传改良水平提升的有效途径。推动林木育种理论和技术创新，提高育种效率和效果，选育产量更高、品质更优、抗逆性更强、适应性更广的林木良种并应用于生产，保证用更少的人工林面积生产更多的木材及林产品，以减少对天然林的依赖，林木遗传育种在未来将发挥更大的作用。

Research progress of forest genetics and tree breeding

Forest genetics and tree breeding, a discipline of forestry, is specialized in the genetics of forest trees and the theories and techniques used for breeding trees. It was initiated from studies on the geographical variation of tree species and was gradually improved with the formation of basic theoretical systems from genetics. The modern theory and the technical system of this discipline were slowly realized during the process of continuously promoting genetic improvements to meet the needs of the high-efficiency breeding of planted forests. This gave rise to a new era in the new century of in-depth developments in tree breeding by molecular design. After nearly two centuries of innovation and development, forest genetics and tree breeding have become a discipline that incorporates the biological characteristics of forest trees, basic research in genetics, and innovative breeding applications. Among these, the fundamental contributors to sustainable genetic improvement are the core breeding cycle with selection, mating and genetic testing based on the recurrent selection theory, and the development of higher-round basic groups, breeding groups, selection groups, and production groups. On this basis，it is possible to use distant hybridization to breed excellent varieties of forest trees with outstanding heterosis, or use polyploidy breeding via sexual polyploidization to comprehensively realize the utilization of heterosis and ploidy effect to achieve the improvement of multiple target traits in a single breeding cycle, or use molecular breeding techniques including transgenics and gene editing to effectively improve the specific traits of existing varieties and excellent germplasms. At present, the production of excellent varieties of forest trees still depends on traditional seed orchards and clonal propagation. For tree species that can only be propagated by seeds, the practical application of somatic embryogenesis technology will be an effective way to improve their genetics performance. As the goals of the past 200 years, forest genetics and tree breeding will bear greater responsibility in the future for breeding excellent varieties of forest trees with higher yields, better quality, stronger stress resistance, and wider adaptability, and applying these to forestry to ensure the production of more wood and forest products with fewer plantations, thus reducing the reliance and impact on natural forests.