超临界水氧化处理油田含油污泥

利用一套自设的简便实用的超临界水氧化实验装置,对运用超临界水氧化法处理油田含油污泥进行了实验研究,实验中使用过氧化氢（H₂O₂）做氧化剂,考察了反应停留时间、反应温度、反应压力和pH值等工艺参数对含油污泥中原油去除率的影响。实验结果表明,超临界水中的氧化反应能有效去除含油污泥中的原油,去除率可达95%,反应停留时间、反应温度、反应压力是影响含油污泥中原油去除率的重要因素,随反应温度、反应停留时间和反应压力的增加,含油污泥中的原油去除率增加,pH值对去除率也有影响,但不大。对指导油田生产具有一定的实用价值。     

连续式超临界水氧化装置处理苯酚溶液的试验研究

利用自建的一套连续式装置,在高于水的临界点的温度和压力（６７３～８７３Ｋ,２６～３５ＭＰａ）下,以氧气为氧化剂对苯酚溶液进行氧化处理,对苯酚的超临界水氧化进行了试验研究。结果表明,在氧气过量的条件下,停留时间是影响苯酚在超临界水中氧化分解的主要因素。提高反应温度和压力能增加苯酚的去除率,只要有足够的氧气,增加苯酚初始浓度对苯酚转化率的影响就不明显。在试验条件下,溶液中苯酚的去除动力学对苯酚是一级,对氧气是零级。     

Mn2+催化超临界水氧化对氨基苯酚

用Mn^2＋作催化剂、H2O2作氧化剂，在一连续流管式反应器中进行催化超临界水氧化对氨基苯酚实验。研究了温度、压力、停留时间和Mn^2＋浓度对对氨基苯酚氧化降解的影响。结果表明，对氨基苯酚的去除率随反应温度和压力的升高、停留时间的延长和Mn^2＋浓度增大而提高。当24MPa、500℃、Mn^2＋浓度为30mg／L和2．7s时，COD去除率达95．5％。     

超临界水氧化法处理含染料废水的工艺研究

探讨了超临界水氧化处理水中活性染料雅格素藏青-R-150%的工艺条件方法,考察了反应温度、压力、停留时间、初始浓度、氧化剂用量、pH值等工艺参数对水中雅格素藏青-R-150%去除率的影响.实验结果表明,超临界水中的氧化反应能有效去除水中的TOC,反应温度、反应时间、初始浓度、pH值是重要的影响因素.在380℃,25 MPa,停留时间3.2 m in,pH为7的条件下处理活性染料雅格素藏青-R-150%时,其COD去除率可达98.06%.     

炸药废水的绿色化处理工艺研究(英文)

采用超临界水氧化技术处理炸药生产废水,探讨了超临界水氧化降解炸药废水的规律。结果表明:反应温度是影响炸药废水COD去除率的主要因素,在超临界条件下,COD的去除率随着温度的升高而增加。在反应温度为550℃、压力24MPa、反应停留时间为120s的条件下,COD去除率可以达到99.98%以上。     

炸药废水的绿色化处理工艺研究

采用超临界水氧化技术处理炸药生产废水，探讨了超临界水氧化降解炸药废水的规律。结果表明：反应温度是影响炸药废水COD去除率的主要因素，在超临界条件下，COD的去除率随着温度的升高而增加。在反应温度为550℃、压力24MPa、反应停留时间为120s的条件下，COD去除率可以达到99．98％以上。     

甲酸在超临界水中分解反应的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函方法(B3LYP)在6-311+g(3df,2p)基组水平上研究了甲酸在超临界水中分解的微观反应机理.研究结果表明:甲酸在超临界水中的分解反应存在多条反应通道,反应历程复杂,其中通道R→IM1→TS4→IM4→TS5→P1和R→IM3→TS14→P2为主通道,分别对应甲酸脱羧反应和脱羰反应;H_2O作为催化剂参与了甲酸分解反应,使得脱羧反应和脱羰反应的反应势垒明显降低,促进了甲酸分解,且对脱羧反应的促进作用更为明显.利用传统过渡态理论,分别计算出2条主通道的速控步骤在压力为25 MPa、温度为700～1 500 K范围内的速率常数表达式分别为k1=4.68×1010 exp(-22 231.46/T)s-1和k2=5.34×1010 exp(-24 587.05/T)s-1.     

超临界水中有机污染物氧化降解效率及影响因素探析

超临界水氧化技术是在温度、压力高于水的临界温度（374．2℃）、临界压力（22MPa）条件下，以超临界水作为反应介质，水中的有机污染物与氧化剂发生强烈的氧化反应，在很短的反应停留时间内，99.99％以上的有机物被迅速氧化成二氧化碳、水、氮气和其他小分子。同时，S、P和卤素等杂原子也被氧化为无机化合物，通常成为酸、盐或高氧化状态的氧化物。其中磷转化为磷酸盐，硫转化为硫酸盐，氮转化为N2或N2O。并且通过在进料中加入碱，使它们以盐的形式自发地从超临界水溶液中沉淀出来。因而，超临界水氧化技术是在不产生有害副产物情况下彻底有效降解有机污染物的一种新方法。     

污泥的超临界水氧化动力学研究

在间歇式反应器中研究了城市污泥的超临界水氧化反应,反应温度为400～450℃、压力为24～28MPa、反应时间为40～515s.结果表明:污泥的有机物去除率可达99 9%以上;在420℃、反应时间为155s时,污泥氧化后残余固体物的体积仅为脱水污泥的4%,反应后剩余收集液的COD小于10mg·L-1.以幂函数方程描述了氧化剂过量时污泥超临界水氧化的反应动力学规律,污泥和氧化剂的反应级数分别为1和0;速率常数与温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式,随反应时间增加、温度升高,有机物的去除率显著增加;速率常数随压力升高而增加,但速率常数的增幅随压力的升高而减小,反应活化体积不是常数.在24MPa时,反应活化能和频率因子分别为(39 11±2 216)kJ·mol-1和(45 2±17 2)s-1,模型计算值与实验值的误差在±8%以内.     

含油废水的超临界水氧化反应机理及动力学特性

针对传统的处理方法不能有效地去除油田开采废水中化学需氧量(COD)的缺点,引入超临界水氧化法作为含油废水的深度处理技术,研究了含油废水在超临界水中的氧化降解过程,并用自由基反应机理解释了超临界水氧化反应的机理.实验结果表明:超临界水氧化法是一种高效快速的有机废物处理技术,COD的去除率近90%;反应温度、停留时间是影响废水COD去除率的主要因素,随着反应温度、停留时间的增加,废水COD去除率显著增大;氧化反应对废水的反应级数为1.62,对氧为0.22,反应活化能和频率因子分别为(92.2±9.9)kJ.mol-1和(3.53±3.33)×103,所建立的反应动力学模型与实验结果的偏差在±10%之内.此外,在分析综述基础上指出了超临界水氧化处理过程存在的问题及可能的解决方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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