外源nfeC基因导入快生型大豆根瘤菌菌株HN01的行为分析

ｎｆｃＣ基因是从慢生型大豆根瘤菌中克隆到的，与竞争结有关的基因。     

A receptor kinase gene regulating symbiotic nodule development

Leguminous plants are able to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria generally known as rhizobia. Metabolites exuded by the plant root activate the production of a rhizobial signal molecule, the Nod factor, which is essential for symbiotic nodule development. This lipo-chitooligosaccharide signal is active at femtomolar concentrations, and its structure is correlated with host specificity of symbiosis, suggesting the involvement of a cognate perception system in the plant host. Here we describe the cloning of a gene from Medicago sativa that is essential for Nod-factor perception in alfalfa, and by genetic analogy, in the related legumes Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum. The identified 'nodulation receptor kinase', NORK, is predicted to function in the Nod-factor perception/transduction system (the NORK system) that initiates a signal cascade leading to nodulation. The family of 'NORK extracellular-sequence-like' (NSL) genes is broadly distributed in the plant kingdom, although their biological function has not been previously ascribed. We suggest that during the evolution of symbiosis an ancestral NSL system was co-opted for transduction of an external ligand, the rhizobial Nod factor, leading to development of the symbiotic root nodule.     

Isolation and characterization of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinorhizobium fredii</Emphasis> mutant that cannot utilize proline as the sole carbon and nitrogen source

Sinorhizobium fredii strain HN01 can use proline as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. A mutant strain GXHN100 unable to catabolize proline was screened from 6000 Tn5gusA5 random insertional mutants of S.fredii strain HN01. Sequencing analysis showed that an open reading frame, named pmrA (proline metabolic relative), was inserted by the Tn5gusA5. A positive clone, namedp GXHN100 which containing 3.3kb foreign DNA fragment of S.fredii strain HN01, was isolated from a partial gene library of S.fredii HN01 by colony in situ hybridization. Sequence analysis showed that pGXHN100 contained the entire pmrA gene. The 3.3kb DNA fragment of pGXHN100 was cloned into a broad-host-range cosmid vector pLAFR3 to form plasmid pGXHN200 which was subsequently introduced into GXHN100 to form a complemented strain GXHN200. Plant test showed that GXHN100 was effective and no obvious changes in nitrogenase activity comparing with parental strain. But GXHN100 nodulated 2 days later on soybean and its nodulation efficiency and competitiveness were decreased.The complemented strain GXHN200 restored the nodulation efficiency and competitiveness of GXHN100 to the wild type.     

Sinorhizobium meliloti nifA gene exerts a pleiotropic effect on nodulation through the enhanced plant defense response

Sinorhizobium meliloti nifA gene is required for the expression of a bunch of nif and fix genes. Here, we report its pleiotropic effects on the nodule formation. Compared with wild type strain, nifA mutant sig- nificantly reduced nodule suppression rate in split-root system. The plants inoculated with mutant strain produced lower amount of daidzein and less necrotic cells on their roots. In addition, the defense genes failed to be evoked by nifA mutant at the early nodulation stage. These findings indicated that host defense response was one of the mechanisms mediated by nifA gene to regulate nodule formation during symbiosis. Even though nifA mutant could increase the number of nodules in host plant, it synthesized lower Nod factors than wild type. This suggested that nifA gene mediated multiple and diverse instances in nodulation formation.     

A receptor kinase gene of the LysM type is involved in legume perception of rhizobial signals

Plants belonging to the legume family develop nitrogen-fixing root nodules in symbiosis with bacteria commonly known as rhizobia. The legume host encodes all of the functions necessary to build the specialized symbiotic organ, the nodule, but the process is elicited by the bacteria. Molecular communication initiates the interaction, and signals, usually flavones, secreted by the legume root induce the bacteria to produce a lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal molecule (Nod-factor), which in turn triggers the plant organogenic process. An important determinant of bacterial host specificity is the structure of the Nod-factor, suggesting that a plant receptor is involved in signal perception and signal transduction initiating the plant developmental response. Here we describe the cloning of a putative Nod-factor receptor kinase gene (NFR5) from Lotus japonicus. NFR5 is essential for Nod-factor perception and encodes an unusual transmembrane serine/threonine receptor-like kinase required for the earliest detectable plant responses to bacteria and Nod-factor. The extracellular domain of the putative receptor has three modules with similarity to LysM domains known from peptidoglycan-binding proteins and chitinases. Together with an atypical kinase domain structure this characterizes an unusual receptor-like kinase.     

黄河三角洲地区野大豆根瘤菌生物学特性及其遗传多样性研究

野大豆具有耐盐碱、抗寒、抗病等特点,对于研究大豆遗传基因的变迁、改善大豆品质和产量具有重要作用。为了探明黄河三角洲地区野大豆根瘤菌的生物学特性及其遗传多样性,从黄河三角洲地区的14个乡镇26个采样点采集了227株野大豆,从其根瘤中分离纯化根瘤菌,进行一系列的生理生化实验、抗逆性实验、结瘤能力测定、结瘤广谱性测定、16S rDNA序列测定和RAPD分析,共分离纯化出100 株根瘤菌,其中菌株3D-21,3D-24,3K-8,3K-23VS等对酸、碱、盐、抗生素、高温、低温均有较强耐受性,且结瘤能力也较强;菌株7K-8结瘤能力较强,K-5抗逆性较强。16S rDNA序列测定表明所获菌株分属于3个属7个种,相近菌株的RAPD分析呈现明显的多态性。结果表明黄河三角洲地区野大豆根瘤菌存在着丰富的多样性,部分菌株结瘤能力和/或抗逆能力强,该研究为挖掘、利用优良菌株资源奠定了基础。     

Transcriptome analysis of Sinorhizobium meliloti nodule bacteria in nifA mutant background

Sinorhizobium meliloti is one genus of gram-nega- tive soil bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules of its symbiotic leguminous host plants[1]. Specific recognition and progressive differentiation ofboth bacteria and host cells are requ…     

Shoot control of root development and nodulation is mediated by a receptor-like kinase

In legumes, root nodule organogenesis is activated in response to morphogenic lipochitin oligosaccharides that are synthesized by bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia. Successful symbiotic interaction results in the formation of highly specialized organs called root nodules, which provide a unique environment for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In wild-type plants the number of nodules is regulated by a signalling mechanism integrating environmental and developmental cues to arrest most rhizobial infections within the susceptible zone of the root. Furthermore, a feedback mechanism controls the temporal and spatial susceptibility to infection of the root system. This mechanism is referred to as autoregulation of nodulation, as earlier nodulation events inhibit nodulation of younger root tissues. Lotus japonicus plants homozygous for a mutation in the hypernodulation aberrant root (har1) locus escape this regulation and form an excessive number of nodules. Here we report the molecular cloning and expression analysis of the HAR1 gene and the pea orthologue, Pisum sativum, SYM29. HAR1 encodes a putative serine/threonine receptor kinase, which is required for shoot-controlled regulation of root growth, nodule number, and for nitrate sensitivity of symbiotic development.     

两株花生根瘤菌的比较研究及结瘤能力的测定

从花生根瘤中筛选出两株生长速度差异明显的花生根瘤菌:1K(快生型),2M(慢生型),通过16S rDNA测序分析并结合生理生化实验确定两种根瘤菌分别为中华根瘤菌和慢生根瘤菌。对二者的生理特性、抗逆性和结瘤能力等指标进行了研究,发现慢生型虽然在生长速度、抗逆性等方面明显不及快生型,但是结瘤能力比快生型要强。     

大豆根毛对大豆根瘤菌的生化吸附及其对结瘤影响的研究

本文研究证明大豆根毛与大豆根瘤菌具有专化性生化吸附作用。吸附主要发生在根毛端部。同一棵根上不是所有的根毛都能发生生化吸附,吸附与根毛的生长令期有关。用13种大豆根瘤菌株系与7个大豆品种根毛生化吸附实验表明,吸附率明显地存在有差异性,但这种差异与结瘤量无相关性。使用本研究发现的生化吸附率高而不能结瘤的1.174大豆根瘤菌株系与吸附率较低而结瘤力强的113—2或61A67大豆根瘤菌株系双接菌,证明能明显降低113—2或地61A76的结瘤量,表现出大豆根毛生化吸附具有竞争性抑制大豆根瘤菌的侵入、结瘤作用,对理论研究和实际应用具有一定重要意义。     

诱导不结瘤豆科树种结瘤固氮的研究

根据国内外有关诱导非豆科作物结瘤固氮的现状,结合作者几年来的工作,对诱导不结瘤豆科树种结瘤固氮的可行性进行了探讨,并报道了作者近年来人工诱导不结瘤的豆科树种—山皂荚(Gledtsia melanacantha)的试验结果。     

诱导杨树结瘤固氮的研究

６种植物激素（２,４－Ｄ、ＮＡＡ、ＩＡＡ、ＩＢＡ、６－ＢＡ、Ｓ．Ｌ．）用不同浓度处理杨树无性系ＮＬ－８０１０６组培苗根系,其中２,４－Ｄ、ＩＢＡ、Ｓ．Ｌ．有不同程度的诱瘤作用。以２,４－Ｄ和ＩＢＡ诱导结瘤最为稳定有效,２,４－Ｄ诱瘤的最适浓度１．０～１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＩＢＡ为２．５～３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。分离、回接和显微镜观察表明根瘤菌在诱瘤剂作用下已侵入诱导瘤。诱瘤剂在接种根瘤菌情况下对苗木生长有较为明显的促进作用,无论株高、鲜重和叶绿素含量都高于对照,尤以ＩＢＡ（３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）最为显著。     

rDNA介导的多拷贝整合表达载体的构建及其在酿酒酵母工业菌株中的应用

根据酵母整合质粒的设计要求,PCR扩增特定的2．2kb rDNA片段,并以此替换酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cereristae)整合载体YIp5的URA3片段;在此基础上,引入G418抗性基因KanMX和酵母磷酸甘油激酶(phosphoglycerale kinase,PGK)组成型强启动子和终止子序列(PGKp-t),构建适合酿酒酵母工业菌株高拷贝整合表达载体pYMIKP,以细菌木糖异构酶(xylose isomerase,XI)基因xy/A为目标基因,通过载体pYMIKP引入到酵母工业菌株NAN-27中,酵母转化子在非选择培养条件下,连续生长50世代质粒稳定性为99．72％,目标基因高拷贝重组菌的木糖异构酶比酶活是对照菌株的67．2倍,达到0．672U／mg蛋白,实现了外源基因在酿酒酵母工业菌株中的稳定高效表达。     

人骨形态发生蛋白6(hBMP6)在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

以重组质粒pcDNA6A-BMP6为模板PCR扩增hBMP6成熟肽cDNA编码序列,将该序列克隆到酵母分泌表达表达载体pPIC9K中.重组质粒pPIC9K-hBMP6经SacI酶切线性化,电击转化毕赤酵母GS115,PCR法筛选阳性转化子,利用梯度浓度G418筛选到七株高拷贝整合的阳性转化子。用甲醇进行诱导表达,SDSPAGE及Western-blot检测结果表明hBMP6成熟肽以分子量约为34和18 kD两种不同糖基化修饰的单体形式存在,具有良好的免疫原性.     

Deregulation of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase leads to spontaneous nodule development

Induced development of a new plant organ in response to rhizobia is the most prominent manifestation of legume root-nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Here we show that the complex root-nodule organogenic programme can be genetically deregulated to trigger de novo nodule formation in the absence of rhizobia or exogenous rhizobial signals. In an ethylmethane sulphonate-induced snf1 (spontaneous nodule formation) mutant of Lotus japonicus, a single amino-acid replacement in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is sufficient to turn fully differentiated root cortical cells into meristematic founder cells of root nodule primordia. These spontaneous nodules are genuine nodules with an ontogeny similar to that of rhizobial-induced root nodules, corroborating previous physiological studies. Using two receptor-deficient genetic backgrounds we provide evidence for a developmentally integrated spontaneous nodulation process that is independent of lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal perception and oscillations in Ca2+ second messenger levels. Our results reveal a key regulatory position of CCaMK upstream of all components required for cell-cycle activation, and a phenotypically divergent series of mutant alleles demonstrates positive and negative regulation of the process.     

Host sanctions and the legume-rhizobium mutualism

Explaining mutualistic cooperation between species remains one of the greatest problems for evolutionary biology. Why do symbionts provide costly services to a host, indirectly benefiting competitors sharing the same individual host? Host monitoring of symbiont performance and the imposition of sanctions on 'cheats' could stabilize mutualism. Here we show that soybeans penalize rhizobia that fail to fix N(2) inside their root nodules. We prevented a normally mutualistic rhizobium strain from cooperating (fixing N(2)) by replacing air with an N(2)-free atmosphere (Ar:O(2)). A series of experiments at three spatial scales (whole plants, half root systems and individual nodules) demonstrated that forcing non-cooperation (analogous to cheating) decreased the reproductive success of rhizobia by about 50%. Non-invasive monitoring implicated decreased O(2) supply as a possible mechanism for sanctions against cheating rhizobia. More generally, such sanctions by one or both partners may be important in stabilizing a wide range of mutualistic symbioses.     

Screening of the interacting proteins with NifA in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azospirillum brasilense</Emphasis> Sp7 by the yeast two-hybrid system

NifA in AzospiriUum brasilense plays a key role in regulating the synthesis and activity of nitrogenase in response to ammonia and oxygen available. In this work we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the proteins that interact with NifA. The nifA gene was fused to the yeast two-hybrid vector pGBD-C2, and three A. brasilense Sp7 genomic libraries for use in yeast two-hybrid studies were constructed. Screening of the libraries identified four clones encoding proteins that interact with NifA. The confirmation of the interactions of each gene product of the four clones and NifA were carried out by exchanging the vectors for nifA and the four clones and by mutageneses of the four clones with shift reading frame experiments in yeast two-hybrid studies. DNA sequence analyses showed that two clones encode proteins containing PAS domains that play an important role in signal transduction. One clone has high similarity with the fhuE gene of Escherichia coli, whose gene product is involved in iron uptake and transportation, and the other clone encodes an unknown protein.     

天冬氨酸酶基因工程菌质粒pXZ70的稳定性

将pSC101质粒上的Par区域（控制质粒分配的基因座）克隆到含有天冬氨酸酶基因的质粒pXZ70上，构建成重组质粒pZZ1，将pZZ1质粒转化入大肠杆菌JM109细胞中，得到一株质粒可稳定遗传的重组子细胞，培养100代后，含质粒菌数仍在90％以上．     

用基因枪法转bar基因以培育抗除草剂的直播稻

用基因枪法将 p CB1 质粒 (含 bar基因和 cecropin B基因 )导入到三种有应用前景的直播稻品种中 ,受体材料为来源于水稻未成熟胚的胚性愈伤组织和来源于成熟胚的悬浮细胞系 .当代转化植株显示出很强的对除草剂 Basta的抗性 ,Southern-blot分析显示 :两个外源基因共整合到转化植株基因组中 ;子一代植株中仍含有外源基因 ;来源于同一块愈伤组织的转化植株的整合模式可能是相似的 ,也可能完全不同 .