知觉负荷对恐惧和中性分心面孔记忆的调节

采用视觉搜索任务,意外记忆再认任务调查编码阶段的知觉负荷对恐惧和中性分心面孔记忆的调节作用。结果发现:在视觉搜索任务中,高知觉负荷条件下的正确率显著低于低知觉负荷,反应时显著长于低知觉负荷条件;在意外记忆再认任务中,由于被试对新恐惧面孔的虚报率较高,造成中性分心面孔的记忆成绩显著高于恐惧面孔。可见,人们对恐惧面孔具有一定的反应偏向。     

初浅运用奇象记忆识记汉字双字词的ERP实验

通过运用事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials,ERPs)记录,使用学习再认范式,考察了初浅运用奇象记忆识记汉字双字词的认知神经加工过程。结果表明:奇象记忆的记忆成绩显著高于机械记忆;ERPs数据显示,从额区到顶区,与采用机械记忆相比,奇象记忆方法条件下N400的具体词效应消失,并诱发了更负的N700。结论:奇象记忆能显著提高记忆效率主要原因是奇象记忆对识记材料进行了奇象转换和记忆的深加工。     

再认记忆的事件相关电位多域特征值研究

为了更好地了解再认记忆状态下的事件相关电位(ERP)在时域、频域和空间域的性质,与传统的ERP信号特征提取方法往往都局限于时域特征不同,该研究采用非负张量分解(NTF)技术,提取再认记忆实验中与"Old"和"New"刺激相关的ERP的多域特征值。多域特征值是从多个导联ERP信号的时频转换中提取的,因此可以同时反映ERP在时域、频域和空间域上的性质。研究结果发现,多域特征值可以明显地反映出不同刺激类型下ERP信号的差异,与额区新旧效应相关的FN400在"New"刺激下的多域特征值显著大于"Old"刺激下的,与顶区新旧效应相关的P600在"Old"刺激下的多域特征值显著大于"New"刺激下的,说明多域特征值能很好地用于区分和识别再认记忆中的新旧刺激,这不仅为再认记忆的研究提供了一个新方法,而且为基于ERP的认知功能研究提供了新的思路和途径。     

男女对面孔的注意偏向:面孔性别和面孔吸引力的影响

采用经典点探测范式研究男女对面孔的注意偏向及其内在机制,实验1仅从面孔性别角度进行考虑,结果显示女性比男性对面孔有更大的注意偏向,其具体成分为注意定向;实验2同时从面孔性别和面孔吸引力角度进行考虑,结果显示被试对女性面孔有显著注意偏向,其成分为注意脱离困难;女性对低吸引力女性面孔有显著注意偏向,成分为注意定向;女性对高吸引力男性面孔有显著注意偏向,对低吸引力男性面孔的注意成分为注意回避和脱离易化.综合实验结果发现:人们对面孔的注意符合进化心理学的解释,面孔注意机制的研究最好选用具有明显性别特征的面孔材料.     

正字法在错误记忆通道效应中的作用

采用DRM(Deese/Roediger Mc Dermott paradigm)范式,探讨汉语错误再认的影响因素.实验采用混合实验设计,并分为想象组和控制组,共54名被试参加实验,每组27名.每名被试在学习阶段进行视听两种不同呈现通道的实验,其中想象组要求被试对所呈现的词语进行正字法的判断任务,而控制组不进行该任务.测验阶段为词语再认测试,为视觉呈现.结果表明,汉语错误记忆存在通道效应,视觉通道条件下的错误记忆高于听觉通道.当在想象组中听觉通道加入正字法编码任务后,这种通道效应消失.说明正字法是编码是影响汉语错误再认的重要因素,但是其影响与国外研究不同,可能与汉语自身的语言特性和加工特点有关.     

面孔记忆及其记忆程度判断中的本族效应

通过1个2×2混合实验设计考察不同种族被试对面孔记忆及记忆程度判断中的本族效应,以了解面孔记忆中本族效应的普遍性与稳定性。结果表明:无论是中国被试还是德国被试在面孔记忆和记忆程度判断中都出现了本族效应,这说明本族效应稳定地存在于不同族群被试的面孔图片学习中,具有跨种族的稳定性;被试面孔记忆与记忆程度判断等级中均出现了本族效应,这表明本族效应既影响客体水平的面孔记忆加工过程,也影响记忆元认知监测判断,本族效应在面孔信息的认知加工中具有一定的普遍性;不同种族被试的面孔图片记忆监测准确性未出现本族效应,这表明相对于记忆程度判断信心而言,记忆程度判断准确性反映的是一种较为稳定的能力。     

大学生的内隐攻击实验研究及其与外显攻击的关系

个体攻击的发生发展机制一直是攻击的心理学研究中重要的基础问题,但以往研究较多关注个体的外显攻击．对内隐攻击的研究相对较为匮乏．本研究拟在中国文化背景下考察大学生的内隐攻击与外显攻击的发生特点,包括攻击的性别差异及类型差异,并在此基础上探讨内隐攻击与外显攻击的关系．以190名大学生为被试,采用任务分离范式中的偏好测验测评被试的内隐攻击,采用自我报告的攻击问卷测评被试的外显攻击．1）在外显攻击上,男性身体攻击显著高于女性,言语攻击和关系攻击的性别差异不显著;个体言语攻击显著高于身体攻击、关系攻击,身体攻击和关系攻击之间差异不显著．2）在内隐攻击任务上,相对于攻击词,被试更加偏好中性词．3）内隐攻击的性别差异与类型差异均不显著．4）大学生的内隐攻击与外显攻击之间不存在显著关联．结论：内隐攻击与外显攻击存在性别差异与类型差异,两类攻击间无显著相关,支持内隐一外显结构分离论．     

反馈方式和项目关联性对词语错误记忆的影响

错误记忆是指人们错误地将曾经发生过的事情判断为从未发生,或者将从未发生的事情判断为发生过.本研究运用DRM范式研究反馈方式和项目关联性对词语的错误记忆的影响.结果表明：1）反馈方式的主效应不显著,即在不同的反馈条件下,词语的错误再认率没有显著差异.2）项目关联性的主效应显著.再认词语与学习过词表的语义关联性越大,其错误再认率越高.3）反馈方式和项目关联性的交互作用显著.对于中等关联程度的词语来说,肯定反馈条件下的错误再认率要显著低于无反馈条件下的错误再认率,无反馈条件下的错误再认率要显著低于否定反馈条件下的错误再认率;而对于高等关联程度的词语和低等关联程度的词语来说,接受不同反馈方式被试的错误再认率没有显著差异.     

面孔性别注意偏向受女性生理周期影响

采用经典点探测范式分别探索男女被试和不同生理周期女性被试对男女面孔(50ms)的注意偏向,结果显示:男女被试未表现出对男女面孔的注意偏向;黄体期女性对女性面孔存在注意偏向,且对男女面孔的注意脱离困难均大于月经期女性;月经期女性对男性面孔的注意定向大于卵泡期,且对男性面孔存在注意脱离易化.表明面孔性别的注意偏向受女性生理周期影响,也证明了生理周期影响女性"心理-行为"反应的观点.     

独生子女与非独生子女孝道差异的初步研究

采用IAT范式探索内隐孝道,同时用杨国枢的孝道个人意愿量表来测量其外显孝道,从内隐和外显两方面初步考察当代大学生中独生子女与非独生子女的孝道差异.结果显示:(1)独生子女的外显孝道与非独生子女没有显著差异,而内隐孝道比非独生子女积极;(2)在外显测量中女性比男性表现得更为孝顺,且差异显著,而内隐孝道没有显著差异;(3)孝道存在内隐孝道和外显孝道两个独立的结构.     

ERP dissociation and connection between implicit and explicit memory

ERP dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been confirmed by a large amount of evidence in theories of human memory. However, similarities between the two forms of memory have scarcely been studied. A possibility is that while implicit memory and explicit memory have independ- ent components, they might additionally have shared components. To explore this question, an ERP experiment was conducted with a study-to-test paradigm, in which participants performed a "shallow" (color) study task or a "deep" (pleasant) study task, followed by either a lexical decision (implicit) test (Section 1) or a recognition (explicit) test (Section 2). An interference task was performed concurrently with either the encoding or the retrieval phase of the memory task for encoding interference condition or retrieval interference condition. We compared ERP signatures of implicit and explicit memory as a function of depth of processing or interference. Under the action of the same variables, 300―500 ms old/new ERP effects of implicit and explicit memory showed the same trend. These effects maybe all link with a perceptual representational system. 500―700 ms old/new ERP effects of the two memories were dissociated. They may probably reflect voluntary and involuntary recollection respectively. These results suggested that implicit and explicit memories are not completely independent of each other, but have both independent and shared components.     

Differences of relevance in implicit and explicit memory tests: An ERP study

An ERP study was conducted to explore the differences between other-relevant words and possessor-relevant words in implicit and explicit memory tests. The results show that other-relevant words are associated with a more negative ERP than possessor-relevant words during 300--900 ms whether in the implicit or the explicit memory tests. The N400 effect is also found in semantic processing of social materials. There is an ERP dissociation of retrieval formats between the implicit and the explicit memory tests during 700--900 ms, namely, there is no difference between other-relevant words and possessor-relevant words in the implicit memory while there is a significant difference between them in the explicit memory. Observed through Curry 6.0, the analysis of neural sources for other-relevant words and possessor-relevant words indicates that they have different locations. At 400 ms, activity is found in the left precuneus during possessor-relevant words processing. Both the right and the left precuneus are activated during other-relevant words processing. However, at 600 ms their location is both in the left precuneus. In a word, our results show that there exists a cognitive difference between other-relevant words and possessor-relevant words, and other-relevant words closely related to the percipient himself/herself are strongly responded to, which reflects that there is a bigger attention bias to the stimuli concerning the percipient himself/herself than to processor-relevant words.     

＂Aha!＂ effects in a guessing Chinese logogriph task： An event-related potential study

In the present study, high-density event-related potentials （ERPs） were recorded to examine the electrophysiologic correlates of ＂Aha!＂ effects in a guessing Chinese Iogogriph task by using a two-stage model for learning-testing. Results showed that： Firstly Successful Guessing elicited a more negative ERP deflection （N350） than Recognition did in the time window from 300--350 ms after onset of the stimuli. A voltage map of the difference wave （Successful Guessing minus Recognition） showed strong activity at the front-central region. Dipole analysis localized the generator of the N350 in the vicinity of the posterior cingulate cortex （PCC） and the inferior frontal gyrus. Secondly, a greater late positive component （LPC） in Successful Guessing than Recognition was found between 600 and 700 ms post-stimulus. Dipole analysis localized the generator of LPC in the right parahippocampal gyrus.     

消费者的内隐记忆及启动策略

消费者接触商品信息时往往都是不经意的，这种信息通常以内隐记忆的形式深藏于消费者心中而无法被主动提取。相对于外显记忆，内隐记忆表现出保持时间长、加工深、记忆负荷小、不易受干扰等优势，使其在营销领域更具研究价值。要使消费者的内隐记忆产生良好的营销效果关键在于启动，为此提出线索启动、环境启动、情绪启动等对策。     

招聘情境下内隐化相貌偏见的表达

日常生活中人们常常隐藏自己的偏见,但在一定条件下,隐藏的偏见能够被表达出来。本研究考察了招聘情境下,内隐化的相貌偏见怎样得到表达。实验采用2（是否获得“无偏见证明”）×2（性别）×2（相貌自评水平）组间设计,考察“无偏见证明”如何影响被试的相貌偏见态度表达。实验结果发现：通过在任务中选择相貌丑陋的候选人的行为而获得了虚假的无相貌偏见证明的被试,在后来的任务中更倾向于表达出有相貌偏见意味的态度。并且,这种态度的表达受到被试的性别和相貌自评的影响。     

焦虑个体心境一致性记忆的实验研究

采用新的研究方法——加工分离程序的扩展模型,能更科学地区分意识和无意识的独立作用,避免了两的相互感染。经对焦虑大学生的测试,研究结果表明：(1)焦虑个体只存在内隐的心境一致性记忆;(2)焦虑个体的认知是以“危险”为主题、与威胁感相联系的;(3)焦虑个体对积极事件存在外显记忆优势。     

Relationship between prospective memory and vigilance: Evidence from ERP

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used in this study to investigate the neural correlates of prospective memory (PM) and vigilance. Twenty college or graduate students participated in this study. They were administered a PM and a vigilance task and physiological data were collected at the same time. Behavioral results showed that the RT associated with PM cues was longer than those associated with vigilance targets. ERP results showed that PM cues and vigilance targets did not show significant difference in the N2 but PM cues evoked greater N300 than vigilance targets, and vigilance targets evoked greater parietal positivity/P3 than PM cues, suggesting vigilance and PM have similar but also distinctive neural basis.     

Interactions between working memory and selective attention

Event-related potential (ERP) was used to examine the interactions between working memory and se- lective attention. We combined two unrelated tasks, one requiring working memory and the other se- lective attention, which were performed by some undergraduates. The ERP results revealed that both congruent and incongruent stimuli in the selective attention task evoked an N400 component, reaching the peak point at around 500 ms. The N400 evoked by incongruent stimuli was more negative than that of congruent, which indicated the difference of semantic N400. Furthermore, working memory load had a significant influence on the N400 evoked by selective attention task in parietal region. And working memory load showed difference in the ERPs of working memory retrieval in central and parietal regions. The ERPs of probe under high working memory load were more positive from 350 to 550 ms post-stimulus; however, stimulus type of selective attention had no influence on working memory re- trieval. The present study shows that working memory does not play a major role in the selective at- tention, especially in ignoring distracter, but it influences the performance of the selective attention as the background. The congruency of target and distracter in the selective attention task does not influ- ence the working memory retrieval.     

工作记忆对大学生心理理论的影响

采用运算一词汇广度任务和心理理论任务——Y0ni任务，研究了大学生的心理理论特点及工作记忆对其的影响．结果发现：女生的情感的心理理论显著高于男生；工作记忆与心理理论的各个成分（一阶、二阶情感的心理理论，一阶、二阶认知的心理理论）存在显著的正相关；进一步的回归分析表明，工作记忆可以显著地预测心理理论的各个成分．     

时间内隐表征与内隐记忆

对时间表征的模型以及时间内隐表征与内隐记忆之间的相关问题进行了讨论，提出用内隐记忆的激活论、加工论解释时间内隐表征的记忆加工过程，用多重记忆系统解释时间内隐表征的记忆结构形式。