响应面法优化野生五叶草莓总黄酮提取工艺

采用超声波辅助乙醇浸提法探索甘肃陇南产野生五叶草莓中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,以料液比、超声时间、超声温度和乙醇体积分数为自变量,总黄酮提取率为因变量,利用Box-Behnken四因素三水平中心组合设计,对总黄酮提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为:液料比12∶1(m L/g)、超声时间27 min、超声温度59℃和乙醇体积分数61%,野生五叶草莓总黄酮提取率实际可达10. 68 mg/g。超声波辅助乙醇浸提法的总黄酮得率为传统水浴回流法的2. 1倍,且该方法操作简单,重复性好。研究结果能为五叶草莓总黄酮的开发利用提供参考。     

杏鲍菇菌糠中总黄酮的超声提取工艺初探

为有效开发利用杏鲍菇菌糠,本文以总黄酮得率为指标,利用单因素和正交试验设计探讨了乙醇浓度、料液比、超声时间、水浴温度对杏鲍菇菌糠中总黄酮的超声波法提取工艺的影响。结果表明:超声提取杏鲍菇菌糠中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为乙醇体积分数为70%,料液比1∶35(g/m L),超声时间20 min,提取温度70℃,该提取条件下,总黄酮的含量为2.852 mg/g。     

漳平水仙饼茶中总黄酮提取工艺优化研究

采用超声波辅助提取漳平水仙饼茶总黄酮,在单因素试验的基础上,选取乙醇浓度、液料比、超声功率和提取时间为自变量,总黄酮的得率为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明:最优的提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数62%,液料比25∶1(m L/g),超声功率400 W,提取时间36 min,水仙饼茶总黄酮得率为3.125 mg/g与模型预测值3.136 mg/g基本一致。     

银杏外种皮多糖的超声波辅助提取方法研究

将超声波辅助提取技术应用于提取银杏外种皮多糖的研究,采用单因素试验和正交试验,得到最优提取工艺.结果表明,对比传统的直接加热提取法,超声波辅助提取能缩短提取时间,提高银杏外种皮多糖得率.超声波提取的最佳条件为:水浴温度100℃,液料比(mL∶g)为10∶1.0,超声提取时间40 min,超声波功率400 W.在此工艺条件下,多糖得率为11.74%.     

基于2种分析方法优化枫香树叶总黄酮提取工艺

采用响应面设计(Response surface methodology, RSM)、遗传-神经网络模型(Genetic algorithm-artificial neural network, GA-ANN)2种分析方法对枫香树叶总黄酮的提取工艺进行优化.通过在单因素试验基础上,以超声功率、提取时间、乙醇浓度、液料比为考察因素,以总黄酮得率为指标,分别采用响应面法和遗传-神经网络法探寻枫香树叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺.RSM优化得出的最佳提取工艺为：超声功率350 W、提取时间47 min、乙醇体积分数69%、液料比27∶1,此条件下枫香树叶总黄酮得率为3.12%.GA-ANN优化得到的最优结果为：超声功率350 W、提取时间45 min、乙醇浓度70%、液料比30∶1,此条件下枫香树叶总黄酮得率为3.28%.相比于RSM,GA-ANN优化所得的提取工艺效果更佳,可作为枫香树叶药材总黄酮的提取工艺优化方法.     

微波辅助提取墨旱莲总黄酮的工艺优化

采用微波辅助提取墨旱莲中的总黄酮。以总黄酮得率为指标,考察微波辐射时间、液固比、溶剂pH、提取级数等因素对得率的影响,确定了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件:以去离子水为溶剂,液固比(V/m)=25 mL/g,微波提取210 s,提取2次,此时墨旱莲总黄酮得率为1.42%,而常规水提取的时间为60 min,得率1.24%,故微波辅助提取法高效,省时。     

响应面法优化刺梨中单宁提取工艺研究

以采自贵州省六盘水市的刺梨为实验材料,采用超声波辅助提取,在单因素试验基础上,运用Box-Behnken中心组合试验和响应面对刺梨单宁提取工艺进行优化,以刺梨单宁得率为指标,考察乙醇浓度、超声时间、料液比和超声功率对提取得率的影响.结果表明,单宁提取最优工艺条件为:乙醇浓度85%、超声时间40 min、料液比1∶20 (g/mL)、超声功率250 W.在此条件下,刺梨单宁提取得率为44.98%,模型的预测值为45.86%,实际提取得率与模型预测值基本吻合,表明所建的数学模型与实际情况拟合较好,说明所选的优化提取参数可靠、稳定,为刺梨单宁的提取工艺提供科学的理论依据.     

响应面法优化莲子低聚糖超声波辅助提取工艺

采用响应面分析法对超声辅助提取莲子低聚糖工艺参数进行优化.研究了超声波功率(300～500 W)、料液比(g/mL)1∶15～1∶25和提取时间(30～50 min)对超声辅助提取莲子低聚糖得率的影响,对实验数据进行回归分析,优化工艺参数.结果表明:超声辅助提取各试验因素对莲子低聚糖得率的影响次序为料液比超声波功率提取时间.优化所得莲子低聚糖超声波辅助提取较佳工艺参数为:超声波功率320 W,液料比1∶25,提取时间48 min,在该条件下,低聚糖得率为1.13%.与热回流提取法和微波辅助提取法相比,超声辅助提取法使莲子低聚糖得率分别提高66.18%和29.88%.     

沱茶总黄酮的提取及含量测定

采用超声波乙醇法从云南沱茶中提取总黄酮类化合物,单因素实验分析乙醇浓度、提取时间和料液比3个因素对沱茶总黄酮得率的影响.结果表明,以乙醇浓度φ=70%、提取时间30 min,料液比(g/m L)1∶30为超声法最佳提取工艺,提取总黄酮得率为5.978 mg/g,平均回收率为99.83%,RSD=0.96%(n=3),旨在为进一步综合开发利用云南沱茶提供参考依据.     

地骨皮中黄酮类化合物的吐温-80协同超声提取

采用表面活性剂协同超声法提取地骨皮中的总黄酮。研究表面活性剂种类和浓度、超声功率和时间、提取温度和时间等因素对地骨皮总黄酮得率的影响,并通过正交试验设计优化工艺条件。结果表明:优化的工艺条件为:吐温-80表面活性剂质量浓度为2 g/L,液固比20 mL/g,在140 W下超声20 min,然后在85℃恒温槽中提取45min,地骨皮总黄酮的得率为2.70%。与其他提取方法相比,该方法在提取效率和得率上都有较大优势,具有得率高、省时等优点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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