Ti-MO低碳超高强钢中相间析出强化

在不同温度下对Ti-Mo低碳钢进行等温转变,对热轧板进行力学性能检测,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、选区电子衍射等方法进行组织观察,同时分析了相间析出粒子的形貌、尺寸和分布规律.结果显示,随着等温温度降低,钢的强度提高,延展性降低,屈强比增大.在透射试样中观察到两种不同形态分布的相间析出碳化物:平面型相间析出和曲面型相间析出.相间析出碳化物的平均直径为4.30nm,平均纵横比为1.375.在650℃等温保温1 h时,相间析出强化对铁素体相强度的增量在400MPa以上.     

含铜无取向电工钢中析出相及其析出机理

研究了含铜低碳低硅无取向电工钢中的析出相及其析出机理.由能谱(EDS)及选区电子衍射(SAED)分析可知,铁素体基体上存在的大量弥散分布的等轴状析出相为类B2结构的铜.这些铜析出相的析出机理可以是一般析出、位错析出、台阶机理相间析出和弓出机理相间析出:一般析出在550、650和750℃三个等温温度均可发生;位错析出只发生在较低的等温温度(550℃),此时析出相呈特殊的平行短列状;台阶机理相间析出也可在上述三个等温温度下发生,但650℃等温时最有利于台阶机理相间析出,此时析出相平直列状分布;弓出机理相间析出只发生在较高的等温温度(750℃),析出相弯曲列状分布.     

不同工艺下Nb-Ti微合金钢组织演变和析出行为

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟实验机、透射电镜和纳米压痕仪器等研究了终冷温度和保温时间对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织、析出行为的影响规律.结果表明:随终冷温度的升高,铁素体晶粒尺寸增大,珠光体增多,贝氏体逐渐减少,维氏显微硬度随终冷温度先升高后降低,当终冷温度为640℃时,实验钢的维氏显微硬度最大;当终冷温度为640℃时,试样中存在排列规则的相间析出和弥散分布的随机析出两种析出形式.当保温时间为0s时,析出物以相间析出和弥散析出为主;当保温时间为100s时,析出物以弥散析出为主.随保温时间增加,实验钢的纳米硬度降低了140MPa.     

低碳钢中纳米尺寸碳化物的相间析出行为

采用扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜对低碳Ti-Mo系的热轧板进行了组织分析,同时对其中的纳米粒子析出行为进行了研究.强化机理分析表明析出强化对于屈服强度的贡献值可达291 MPa.随着卷取温度的降低,纳米粒子相间析出的排间距会减小,相间析出的排间距与其在铁素体中形核点位置有一定的离散值,但基本上呈一定的固定值.α/γ界面的观察和采用不同理论的计算结果表明相间析出的产生主要与α/γ界面的台阶形成有关,相间析出的排间距大小由台阶高度、晶界扩散系数、等温温度、台阶面迁移速率等决定.     

超快冷工艺下780MPa级工程机械用钢的组织与性能

对780MPa级工程机械用钢进行了现场批量生产试制,对其组织与性能进行了研究.通过合理的成分设计,采用控制轧制和超快冷+层流冷却的两阶段冷却路径控制,获得了良好的组织与性能.结果表明:终轧后采用超快冷+层流冷却工艺,超快冷的出口温度在650℃,卷取温度在570℃,试验钢的屈服强度大于685 MPa,抗拉强度大于785 MPa,并具有良好的冲击性能、成形性能及焊接性能.试验钢的组织为铁素体+少量珠光体,同时,在铁素体的基体上,存在大量10nm左右的弥散析出或相间析出(Nb,Ti)(C,N),有效提高了试验钢的强度.     

初始组织形态对中碳钢温变形组织演变的影响

中碳钢温变形过程的组织演变包含铁素体动态回复、再结晶和渗碳体的析出球化等过程.采用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机研究了初始组织形态对含碳0.48%(质量分数)的中碳钢在温变形中上述复杂过程的影响.结果表明:初始组织为珠光体 先共析铁素体的试样在温加工变形中渗碳体层片发生了扭折、溶断到逐渐球化的过程,在铁素体回复再结晶的同时伴随着细小弥散的渗碳体颗粒从过饱和铁素体中析出,得到微米级铁素体晶粒和颗粒状渗碳体弥散分布的复相组织,但等轴状铁素体晶粒与弥散的渗碳体颗粒沿变形方向呈带状不均匀分布.温加工变形促进初始组织为马氏体的中碳钢中渗碳体析出和铁素体回复与再结晶.由于初始条件下碳的分布在微观尺度下相对均匀,变形后获得细小等轴铁素体与均匀分布颗粒状渗碳体的组织.     

铁素体基Ti-Mo微合金钢超细碳化物析出规律

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜和能谱分析等方法对两种不同Ti含量的铁素体基Ti--Mo微合金钢中析出相的尺寸、分布特征、析出规律和成分进行了研究.结果表明:钢中绝大多数析出相为超细碳化物,尺寸小于10 nm,析出相尺寸呈正态分布.随着Ti质量分数由0.072%增到0.092%,析出粒子平均尺寸增大,分布峰值向粒子尺寸增大的方向移动.Ti--Mo微合金钢具有栅格状的相间析出方式,栅格间距受冷速的影响较大,晶内和靠近晶界处的栅格间距不同.能谱分析发现,不同尺寸的粒子Mo含量不同,较大颗粒(50 nm左右)析出相中不含Mo,小颗粒(20 nm)中碳化物是Ti和Mo的复合析出相,且随着粒子尺寸的减小,成分中Mo所占比重增大.     

CSP热轧低碳钢板轧制过程中析出行为分析

采用H-800透射电镜研究CSP热轧低碳钢轧制过程中析出物形貌、尺寸、及分布等，结果表明：累积变形量较小，变形温度较高时，第二相粒子主要在晶界或相界上形成，数量较少且比较粗大，尺寸多在150nm以上；随着轧制过程的进行，累积变形量的增大和轧制温度的降低，第二相粒子主要在晶内析出，细小、弥散且数量较多，尺寸大多数在20～100nm之间，析出物主要为Al2O3、MnS、Cu7S4和Fe3C。     

碳含量对中碳含钒微合金钢晶内铁素体等温形成的影响规律

研究了碳质量分数分别为0.26%, 0.33%和0.42%的三种含钒微合金钢在600, 550, 500和450℃下等温处理时碳对晶内铁素体形成的影响,测量了不同等温温度处理后钢的维氏硬度、500℃下晶界和晶内铁素体的纳米硬度,并探讨了晶内铁素体的形核位置. 结果表明:在相同温度下等温处理时,随着钢中碳含量的增高,钢中非共析铁素体的含量降低,铁素体晶粒的尺寸减小,钢的硬度升高. 在500℃等温处理后,晶界铁素体的纳米硬度远高于晶内铁素体的纳米硬度;且随着碳含量的增高,晶界和晶内铁素体的纳米硬度都随之升高,但各实验钢中晶内铁素体的纳米硬度相差不大. 适当的夹杂物和先析出晶内铁素体都可以作为形核位置诱导晶内铁素体析出.     

亚快速凝固下磷对铁素体体积分数与形态的影响

通过金相组织观察,分析了不同磷含量双辊连铸薄带中的铁素体.实验结果表明,与同样磷含量的铸锭相比,铸带中的铁素体体积分数明显增大;对于同一个铸带,表层内铁素体体积分数小于中心区域,且磷含量越低表层内铁素体体积分数越小;随着磷含量的升高,铸带中的铁素体形态逐渐由针状向表面圆滑的块状转变.通过理论分析得出,快速冷却有利于钢中铁素体的稳定;表面圆滑的块状铁素体是由钢液中直接析出的,而针状铁素体是由固态奥氏体中析出的.     

Analysis of the formation conditions and characteristics of interphase and random vanadium precipitation in a low-carbon steel during isothermal heat treatment

The characteristics of nanosized precipitates in steels depend on the heat-treatment parameters. The effects of characteristics of vanadium precipitates formed during isothermal heat treatment on the hardness of the ferrite matrix in low-carbon vanadium-alloyed steel were investigated through analysis of transmission electron microscopy images and microhardness measurements. The results show that, during isothermal holding in the temperature range from 675 to 750℃, only interphase precipitation occurs, whereas only random precipitation occurs in the ferrite matrix during holding at 600℃. Furthermore, during isothermal heat treatment between 600 and 675℃, both random and interphase precipitates occurred in the ferrite. Nanoscale vanadium carbides with different atomic ratios of vanadium (V) and carbon (C) were the dominant precipitates in the random and interphase precipitates. The sizes of random precipitation carbides were smaller than those of interphase ones. Also, the sample isothermally heat treated at 650℃ for 900 s exhibited a higher hardness with a narrower hardness distribution.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

Fe-Mn-1.6 Ni-C水电用钢板轧后 直接淬火和回火工艺

通过Fe-Mn-1.6Ni-C钢板控制轧制、轧后直接淬火和560~710℃回火调质处理实验,研究了轧后直接淬火态和回火态的组织与性能变化.结果表明,轧后直接淬火得到组织细小的板条马氏体,固溶强化作用提高了其抗拉强度.经过回火热处理后,碳化物的析出及其对位错的钉扎作用,降低了钢的抗拉强度,提高了钢的屈服强度.随着回火温度的升高,碳化物聚集长大,铁素体发生回复与再结晶,造成强度下降以及冲击韧性提高.当回火温度高于A_○c1时,粗大的碳化物极易引起裂纹形核,破坏钢的冲击韧性.Fe-Mn-1.6Ni-C钢最优的回火温度为680℃,屈服强度为963MPa,抗拉强度为988MPa,延伸率为20.0%,-60℃冲击功为142J.     

Nb-V低碳微合金钢等温淬火过程析出行为

利用透射电镜和纳米压痕仪对Nb-V低碳微合金钢中纳米碳化物的析出行为进行研究.研究结果表明,在700℃等温60min试样中,可同时观察到相间析出和弥散析出,在其余试样中均未观察到相间析出,此规律可以通过相变过程中的扩散准则和台阶机制来解释.另外,纳米压痕结果显示在600℃等温20min试样中,平均硬度为3.87GPa,650℃等温20min试样中,平均硬度为4.10GPa,且通过TEM观察可以看出,650℃等温20min中试样析出物数量密度较大且分布均匀.利用Ashby-Orowan机制对析出强化量进行计算,可以得出在650℃等温20min试样中,析出强化对整个屈服强度的贡献量可以达到110MPa.     

X80管线钢中氮化物和碳化物析出热力学分析

基于规则熔体理论和平衡反应基础,对连铸工序X80管线钢中碳化物、氮化物析出进行热力学分析,研究Ti、Nb及Al的碳化物、氮化物析出规律。结果表明,固液两相区,TiC0.005N0.995和TiN分别在1785K和1784K时开始析出;奥氏体相区,碳化物、氮化物析出先后顺序为NbC0.64N0.36、NbC、NbN、AlN、TiC,相应析出温度为1457、1404、1354、1267、1226K;γ→α相变过程中,TiC发生相间析出,Nb主要以NbC形式析出,AlN析出量较少。     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

Effects of pre-strain and baking parameters on the microstructure and bake-hardening behavior of dual-phase steel

In a typical process, C-Mn steel was annealed at 800°C for 180 s, and then cooled rapidly to obtain the ferrite-martensite microstructure. After pre-straining, the specimens were baked and the corresponding bake-hardening (BH) values were determined as a function of pre-strain, baking temperature, and baking time. The influences of pre-strain, baking temperature and baking time on the microstructure evolution and bake-hardening behavior of the dual-phase steel were investigated systematically. It was found that the BH value apparently increased with an increase in pre-strain in the range from 0 to 1%; however, increasing pre-strain from 1% to 8% led to a decrease in the BH value. Furthermore, an increase in baking temperature favored a gradual improvement in the BH value because of the formation of Cottrell atmosphere and the precipitation of carbides in both the ferrite and martensite phases. The BH value reached a maximum of 110 MPa at a baking temperature of 300°C. Moreover, the BH value enhanced significantly with increasing baking time from 10 to 100 min.     

电感应再加热对低合金钢热轧组织影响的模拟

利用热模拟试验机Gleeble1500D研究了低合金钢变形后,冷却至一定温度进行电感应再加热后微观组织的变化情况.在不同冷却温度,以及淬火和正火两种热处理方式下,研究了再加热过程对微观组织的影响.结果表明:变形后再加热过程对淬火试样组织影响较大;冷却温度处于两相区时,电感应再加热过程能改善温度分布均匀性,影响铁素体相变过程和碳氮化物的析出行为,促进晶粒长大,能够有效地控制和改善淬火热处理钢材的微观组织和性能.     

低碳Si-Mn钢直接淬火-等温配分工艺中组织演变

以低碳Si-Mn钢为研究对象,在传统淬火-配分工艺中引入压缩变形,研究了压缩变形对组织演变的影响以及实验钢在不同等温配分条件下的显微结构特征.结果表明,引入高温变形处理后,试样具有更加精细的显微结构,同时显微组织中含有较高比例的大角度晶界,由无变形条件下的65.7%提高至72.5%;在相变及碳配分过程中,晶界以及板条边界附近易形成碳富集区;随配分时间延长,显微组织呈回火转变趋势,当配分时间延长至1 500 s时,组织中出现较大量的碳化物析出相,残余奥氏体体积分数降低至7.9%.