Kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel

To systematically investigate the kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite (IGF), isothermal heat treatment in the temperature range of 450℃ to 600℃ with holding for 30 s to 300 s, analysis of the corresponding microstructures, and observation of the precipitated particles were conducted in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel. The potency of V(C,N) for IGF nucleation was also analyzed statistically. The results show that the dominant microstructure transforms from bainite (B) and acicular ferrite (AF) to grain boundary ferrite (GBF), intragranular polygonal ferrite (IPF), and pearlite (P) as the isothermal temperature increases from 450℃ to 600℃. When the holding time at 600℃ is extended from 30 s to 60 s, 120 s, and 300 s, the GBF content ranges from 6.0vol% to 6.5vol% and the IPF content increases from 0.5vol% to 2.8vol%, 13.1vol%, and 13.5vol%, respectively, because the ferrite transformation preferentially occurs at the grain boundaries and then occurs at the austenite grains. Notably, V(C,N) particles are the most effective nucleation site for the formation of IPF, accounting for 51% of the said formation.     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

含Nb-Ti低碳微合金钢纳米碳化物析出行为

采用热膨胀仪、显微硬度计和透射电镜研究了等温温度对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织性能及析出行为的影响规律.结果表明,在不同温度下等温淬火均得到铁素体与马氏体的双相组织,且随着等温温度的降低,铁素体的体积分数逐渐增大.实验钢中存在两种主要的析出形态,分别为相间析出和弥散析出,且随着等温温度的降低,析出形态逐渐从相间析出向弥散析出转变.通过HRTEM确定相间析出碳化物具有Na Cl型晶体结构,晶格常数为0.432 nm,且与铁素体基体满足Baker-Nutting(B-N)关系.铁素体相的维氏硬度随着等温温度的降低而逐渐增大.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

不同工艺下Nb-Ti微合金钢组织演变和析出行为

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟实验机、透射电镜和纳米压痕仪器等研究了终冷温度和保温时间对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织、析出行为的影响规律.结果表明:随终冷温度的升高,铁素体晶粒尺寸增大,珠光体增多,贝氏体逐渐减少,维氏显微硬度随终冷温度先升高后降低,当终冷温度为640℃时,实验钢的维氏显微硬度最大;当终冷温度为640℃时,试样中存在排列规则的相间析出和弥散分布的随机析出两种析出形式.当保温时间为0s时,析出物以相间析出和弥散析出为主;当保温时间为100s时,析出物以弥散析出为主.随保温时间增加,实验钢的纳米硬度降低了140MPa.     

Nb-V低碳微合金钢等温淬火过程析出行为

利用透射电镜和纳米压痕仪对Nb-V低碳微合金钢中纳米碳化物的析出行为进行研究.研究结果表明,在700℃等温60min试样中,可同时观察到相间析出和弥散析出,在其余试样中均未观察到相间析出,此规律可以通过相变过程中的扩散准则和台阶机制来解释.另外,纳米压痕结果显示在600℃等温20min试样中,平均硬度为3.87GPa,650℃等温20min试样中,平均硬度为4.10GPa,且通过TEM观察可以看出,650℃等温20min中试样析出物数量密度较大且分布均匀.利用Ashby-Orowan机制对析出强化量进行计算,可以得出在650℃等温20min试样中,析出强化对整个屈服强度的贡献量可以达到110MPa.     

X80管线钢中氮化物和碳化物析出热力学分析

基于规则熔体理论和平衡反应基础,对连铸工序X80管线钢中碳化物、氮化物析出进行热力学分析,研究Ti、Nb及Al的碳化物、氮化物析出规律。结果表明,固液两相区,TiC0.005N0.995和TiN分别在1785K和1784K时开始析出;奥氏体相区,碳化物、氮化物析出先后顺序为NbC0.64N0.36、NbC、NbN、AlN、TiC,相应析出温度为1457、1404、1354、1267、1226K;γ→α相变过程中,TiC发生相间析出,Nb主要以NbC形式析出,AlN析出量较少。     

不同工艺条件对半固态挤压Mg2 Si/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用等温热处理半固态挤压的方法制备Mg2Si/Al复合材料,研究等温热处理温度、保温时间和挤压比压对复合材料组织和布氏硬度的影响.结果表明:经过等温热处理后得到了基体α-Al和Mg2Si增强相双球化的半固态组织,其中,Mg2Si颗粒呈现球化,α-Al呈现规则球形或椭球形.当挤压比压恒定时,Mg2Si/Al复合材料显微组织中α-Al和Mg2Si颗粒的球化随着温度和保温时间的增加而更加明显,同时α-Al的粗化也更加明显;当等温热处理温度和保温时间恒定时,挤压比压对半固态挤压Mg2Si/Al复合材料显微组织的影响不大.硬度测试表明,当挤压比压恒定时,布氏硬度随着等温热处理温度和保温时间的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;但当等温热处理温度和保温时间恒定时,随着挤压比压的增加,布氏硬度随之提高.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

时效处理对2205 DSS组织及力学性能的影响

首先对2205 DSS进行了1 100℃固溶处理,随后将试样分别在650,700,750,800,850和900℃下进行不同时间的时效处理,探究2205 DSS中σ相的析出规律及其对材料组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:2205 DSS中σ相的析出分为有碳化物伴随和无碳化物伴随两种方式,前者发生在α-γ相界上,后者则主要发生在α相的晶内和晶界;2205 DSS在850℃时效时σ相的析出行为最严重;在析出σ相后,合金元素Cr和Mo在各相中会发生不同程度的偏聚;2205 DSS中析出少量的σ相对材料的塑性影响不大,但会显著降低材料的冲击韧性,而σ相的大量析出则会使两者均发生严重恶化;σ相的析出对材料的屈服强度影响不大,对材料的抗拉强度有略微的提高作用.     

钒含量对高碳高钒高速钢组织与性能的影响

对高碳高钒高速钢的显微组织、硬度及热处理工艺进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,其显微组织中存在有MC、M6C和M2 C型三种类型的合金碳化物 ,其中MC型碳化物起主要作用。随着含钒量的增加 ,钢中MC型碳化物数量增加 ,其形态由不连续网状向颗粒状转变。     

钒对高铁制动盘钢中碳化物析出及力学性能的影响

随着列车时速不断提高,制动盘承受的热负荷不断增大,这对制动盘材料提出了更高的要求.为了提高制动盘钢的机械性能及耐热疲劳性,钒元素被添加到制动盘钢中.本文研究了不同淬火温度时V含量对Cr-Mo-V系制动盘钢组织及力学性能的影响,并通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件、碳复型、透射电镜、能谱分析等方法对不同V含量时析出相的演变规律进行研究.结果表明,增加钒含量使高温析出的V(C,N)含量增加,细化奥氏体晶粒和回火马氏体组织.淬-回火态析出相主要为V(C,N)、(Mo,V)C、M7 C3和M23 C6.随钒含量增加,大尺寸M23 C6和M7 C3的析出被抑制,对韧性损害降低;小尺寸(Mo,V)C含量增多,析出强化效果增强.淬火温度为880～900℃时,增加钒含量能细化马氏体和减少大尺寸碳化物,弥补了析出强化对韧性的损害,故冲击功变化不大.淬火温度为920～940℃时,提高钒含量促使(Mo,V)C量急剧增加,冲击功快速下降.实验钢淬火温度不应超过900℃.     

三维原子探针对微合金钢中G.P.区的观测

对Nb-V微合金钢进行模拟控轧控冷试验,利用光学显微镜、场离子显微镜、三维原子探针等测试分析技术和手段,研究铁素体基体中碳化物析出早期阶段的特点.用三维原子探针研究基体中碳化物的析出过程,发现在NbC析出初期,C和Nb原子在铁素体同一个(001)原子面上发生偏聚,且质量分数都不到5%,认为这是在基体中形成的G.P.区.     

钒含量对PD3钢碳化钒析出的影响

为了弄清钒在珠光体组织转变中的作用和沉淀析出的规律,通过电化学萃取分析结合透射电子显微镜观察研究了钒含量对PD3钢中碳化钒析出行为的影响。研究结果表明：PD3钢的铁素体和渗碳体中固溶钒的饱和溶解度分别为0．09％和0．23％左右;当钢中钒含量低于0．21％时,钒主要以固溶形式存在,只有极少量的碳化钒质点无序析出;当钢中钒含量增加,超过饱和溶解度后,多余的钒则主要以碳化钒的形式析出;当钢中钒含量高于0．21％,达到0．33％时,碳化钒将以无序状态和“相关沉淀”两种方式大量析出。     

锻造工艺对易切削非调质钢析出行为的影响

利用GLEEBLE 1500热模拟试验机、电子显微镜以及化学萃取相分析等手段,较详细地研究了易切削非调质钢35MnVS的析出方式及锻造工艺对其析出行为的影响,并与35VS钢作了对比。结果表明:35VS与35MnVS钢中既有一般析出又有相间析出,析出相主要为V(C,N)和(Ti,V)(C,N)。对35MnVS钢来说,锻造温度较高及冷却速度较慢者,析出相的数量增多,外延生长较充分,尺寸变大。降低终锻温度及冷却速度,使钒的析出量增多,而对钛的析出则影响不大。     

预变形方式对微合金钢中贝氏体热稳定性的影响

采用光学金相、硬度测量结合透射电镜观察,研究了经过弯曲或扭转变形的含铌微合金钢在等温受热时的组织稳定性问题. 研究发现:弯曲与扭转变形都可以大幅度提高微合金钢的硬度;在随后的550℃等温受热过程中,弯曲变形区的硬度迅速下降,同时伴随贝氏体向平衡组织的演变;而扭转区在等温过程中的硬度始终高于未变形区,同时钢中贝氏体组织基本得以保持. 扭转应变量越大,硬化效果越强,并且在随后的等温受热过程中能保持这种硬度上的优势. 弯曲与扭转变形均导致贝氏体板条内位错密度显著增加. 弯曲变形区的位错分布不均匀,其中的低位错密度区易于在随后的等温受热过程中演变为平衡组织多边形铁素体的形核核心;而扭转变形区内位错分布均匀,并且在随后的等温受热过程中位错分布不发生显著改变. 这些结果表明,不同的冷变形方式对微合金钢中贝氏体热稳定性的影响存在显著差异.     

Al对淬回火H11钢力学性能和碳化物的影响

研究了Al质量分数为0.77％及不含Al的H11钢在不同淬回火处理工艺下的硬度和冲击功的变化规律,并对两种钢原始退火态、1060℃淬火、1060℃淬火+510℃回火、1060℃淬火+560℃回火和1060℃淬火+600℃回火处理后的试样进行碳化物萃取,同时借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了Al对H11钢中碳化物形态及类型的影响.结果表明:(1)Al能提高H11钢的冲击韧性和回火硬度,但会使淬火硬度有所降低.(2)Al可以促进H11钢淬火过程中碳化物的溶解和元素的均匀分布.(3)Al会阻碍H11钢回火过程中碳化物的析出和聚集,这种作用在560℃以下回火时更加显著.(4)Al可以使H11钢回火时的(Fe,Cr)2C、MoC、Cr7C3类碳化物更加稳定,抑制(Fe,Cr)3C、Mo2C和Cr23C6类碳化物的析出,这是因为Al可以阻碍H11钢中碳及合金元素在回火过程中的聚集.     

Precipitation analysis of as-cast HK40 steel after isothermal aging

As-cast HK40 steel was aged at 700, 800, or 900℃ for times as long as 2000 h. Microstructural characterization showed that the primary M₇C₃ carbide network contained a substantial content of manganese, in agreement with the microsegregation of manganese calculated by Thermo-Calc using the Scheil-Gulliver module. The dissolution of primary carbides caused the solute supersaturation of austenite and subsequent precipitation of fine M₂₃C₆ carbides in the austenite matrix for aged specimens. During prolonged aging, the carbide size increased with increasing time because of the coarsening process. A time-temperature-precipitation diagram for M₂₃C₆ carbides was calculated using the Thermo-Calc PRISMA software; this diagram showed good agreement with the experimental growth kinetics of precipitation. The fine carbide precipitation caused an increase in hardness; however, the coarsening process of carbides promoted a decrease in hardness. Nanoindentation tests of the austenite matrix indicated an increase in ductility with increasing aging time.     

初始组织形态对中碳钢温变形组织演变的影响

中碳钢温变形过程的组织演变包含铁素体动态回复、再结晶和渗碳体的析出球化等过程.采用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机研究了初始组织形态对含碳0.48%(质量分数)的中碳钢在温变形中上述复杂过程的影响.结果表明:初始组织为珠光体 先共析铁素体的试样在温加工变形中渗碳体层片发生了扭折、溶断到逐渐球化的过程,在铁素体回复再结晶的同时伴随着细小弥散的渗碳体颗粒从过饱和铁素体中析出,得到微米级铁素体晶粒和颗粒状渗碳体弥散分布的复相组织,但等轴状铁素体晶粒与弥散的渗碳体颗粒沿变形方向呈带状不均匀分布.温加工变形促进初始组织为马氏体的中碳钢中渗碳体析出和铁素体回复与再结晶.由于初始条件下碳的分布在微观尺度下相对均匀,变形后获得细小等轴铁素体与均匀分布颗粒状渗碳体的组织.     

冷速对钒微合金化钢形变诱导相变组织的影响

通过热模拟实验考察了在连续冷却条件下,不同的冷却速度对钒微合金化钢的形变诱导铁素体相变(DIFT)组织演变的影响规律.结果表明,大变形后的冷却速度越大,实验用钢的铁素体晶粒越细小;在相同的冷却速度下,钢中的钒含量越多,铁素体晶粒越细小.在较低的冷却速度下,钢中的钒含量越多,钒的碳氮化物析出越多;当冷却速度较大时,钒微合金化实验用钢中没有钒的碳氮化物析出.