基于生物光敏蛋白细菌视紫红质膜的光子晶体管的模型

生物光色材料细菌视紫红质（ｂＲ）分子的光循环具有两个主要光活性态－基态Ｂ（５６８ｎｍ）和最稳中间态Ｍ（４１２ｎｍ）。用它们吸收带波长的光照射ｂＲ将分别引起分子的异构（Ｂ→Ｍ）和复构（Ｍ→Ｂ）光反应。本文首先研究了化学增强ｂＲ膜的互补调制饱和吸收，即多光束照射引起Ｂ、Ｍ各态粒子数比例变化，多光束之间互补调制输出光强。研究发现，当５６８ｎｍ和４１２ｎｍ双光束同时入射长Ｍ态寿命的ｂＲ膜时，存在阈值光强Ｉ     

高分子液晶膜的形成及其氧氮渗透性

应用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、ＤＳＣ以及测定氧氮渗透性，对乙基纤维素液晶溶液和低分子液晶共混膜在电场下取向膜和非取膜的结构和性能进行研究，结果表明：高分子液晶和低分子液晶在电场下的均发生排列取向，渗透系数提高，渗透比稍微降低；各向同性溶液在电场下不发生取向；撤离电场后，发生部分分解取向，解取向程度与ＭＢＨｐＡ的含量和实验温度有磋。     

二棕榈磷脂酰胆碱单分子膜诱导碳酸钙结晶

磷脂单分子膜是生物膜的简化模拟体系,采用二棕榈磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)作为单分子膜的成膜材料将使该领域的研究进一步接近生物体系。利用LB技术,模拟生物体系研究二棕榈磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)单分子膜对碳酸钙晶体生长的取向和形貌的控制作用。研究表明DPPC单分子膜对碳酸钙晶体的取向和形貌有很好的控制作用。     

非离子表面活性剂对卵磷脂双层结构的影响

用激光拉曼光谱研究三甘醇一月桂醚等非离子表面活性剂对卵磷脂脂质体膜 的作用，结果表明随着三甘醇一月桂醚浓度的增大，膜分子横向有序性降低，纵向有序 性增大；随着不同非离子表面活性剂的Ｈ．Ｌ．Ｂ．值的增大，膜纵向有序性逐渐增大。非离 子表面活性剂分子对膜流动性的影响是由表面活性剂分子定域在膜磷脂憎水基Ｃ１～Ｃ１６ 之间所决定的。     

半花菁LB多层膜的光学非线性性质研究

利用紫外-可见吸收谱和旋转光学二次谐波产生方法研究了光学活性分子半花菁和光学非活性分子花生酸交替Y型多层LB膜中活性分子由于拉膜和“基板”增强的分子取向。我们首次发现并说明了由于平面内附加的极化导致二次谐波强度随LB层数大于平方增长关系。     

大豆磷脂脂质体与绵羊红细胞膜相互作用的研究(Ⅱ)

用超声法制备大豆磷脂小单层脂质体，低渗溶血法制备绵羊红细胞膜。在一定条件下，将脂质体与红细胞膜温育一定时间后，离心去掉脂质体，用正己烷－异丙醇，提取膜总脂质，用高效液相色谱法分离测定温育前后膜脂组成。结果表明，温育后红细胞膜的磷脂酰胆碱与鞘磷脂物质的量之比（ｎｐｃ／ｎｓＭ）明显增加，这是影响膜流动性的重要参数。上述结果与作者以前用ＤＰＨ荧光偏振技术测定的同样条件下膜流动性变化完全一致。因此，很好地从分子水平上解释了与大豆磷脂脂质体温育后，红细胞膜流动性的增加。     

向列型液晶中的光自聚焦和自散焦

从理论上推出:分子半行液晶膜面排列的向列型液晶由于光致重取向产生的折射率随光强增大而减小的结果将导致高斯光束的自散焦。而对于垂直膜面排列的液晶分子重取向则导致相反的结果,实验证实了这一理论结果。     

聚乙烯亚胺对脂质体与溶菌酶相互作用的影响

为了解聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)基因载体材料对生物体的细胞毒性机理,采用动态光散射、紫外—可见光吸收光谱、荧光光谱和圆二色谱研究PEI(分子量为25 k Da)对二油酰基磷脂酰丝氨酸(DOPS)脂质体与溶菌酶相互作用的影响。实验发现:PEI对溶菌酶的构象影响不明显,但是PEI与DOPS的静电结合能引起脂质体膜结构的变化并对脂质体与溶菌酶的相互作用产生影响。在水溶液中,溶菌酶与DOPS脂质体结合,部分嵌入脂质体双分子层的疏水区,导致溶菌酶α-螺旋结构的减少,PEI与DOPS脂质体的结合增强了脂质体膜内疏水性及其与溶菌酶的相互作用。     

有机超薄膜中分子的光致重新取向及可逆性

用旋转样品二次谐波法研究了在皮秒红外偏振脉冲激光照射下，氐盐ＬＢ单层膜中分子的重新取向。发现，重新取向效应在光照时间较长时将达到饱和，并且具有一定程度的可逆性。     

金属酞菁LB膜的制备及结构表征

研究了金属酞菁化合物四（２，４－二甲基苯氧基）酞菁铜和四（２，４－二甲基苯氧基）酞菁镍在汽－液界面上的成膜特性，制备了相应的Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｂｌｏｄｇｅｔｔ（ＬＢ）膜。利用紫外可见吸收及偏振紫外可见吸收谱，表征了ＬＢ膜中的酞菁分子主要以二聚体的形式相对于基片水平排列。以酞菁ＬＢ膜为取向层制成液晶盒，取向向列型液晶Ｅ＿７。通过偏光显微镜及锥光干涉系统，确定液晶分子在ＬＢ膜上的排列情况，并进行了电光测试，讨论了导致不同取向效果的机理。     

光激发引起的菌紫质人工膜系统界面自由能

应用界面双层模型和界面固有化学势的概念 ,对菌紫质人工膜系统C(N)端界面受光激发所引起的界面自由能变化进行了初步的探讨 ,导出了bR相、C或N端界面能的一般表达式 ,及三类具体的菌紫质人工膜系统 (液 bR 液 ,固 bR 固 ,液 bR 固 )界面自由能的表达式 .可以看出 ,光照下的bR人工膜系统界面自由能的变化 ,不仅与物质组分相关 ,还与跨膜电势相联系 .据此 ,在一定范围内提高bR膜系统溶液的温度、pH值 ,以及降低跨膜电压 ,都将减少界面自由能 ,从而对系统的光驱质子泵过程产生影响 .本文研究仅局限于光照的影响 ,暂不涉及体系相结构变化的情形 .     

Effects of Cholate on the Stability of Bacteriorhodopsin in Alkaline Solution

ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｈｏｌａｔｅｏｎｔｈｅＳｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＢａｃｔｅｒｉｏｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｉｎｉｎＡｌｋａｌｉｎｅＳｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ＊ＷａｎｇＪｕｓｈｕｏ（王居硕），ＸｕＱｉａｎｇ（许强），ＺｈａｏＮａｎｍｉｎｇ（赵南明）＊＊Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏ...     

改进法制备枯草杆菌膜囊及其电镜观察

使用改进膜囊制备法得到枯草杆菌膜囊.电镜观察表明,该膜囊是中空的,仅由质膜组成的囊状封闭结构,其中存在较大比例的内部膜囊,同时观察到多种膜囊形成的中间过程,据此提出了膜囊形成的两种机制.     

应用流式细胞仪检测斑点叉尾鮰红细胞免疫粘附功能

制备荧光标记的致敏酵母及未致敏酵母,应用流式细胞仪检测斑点叉尾鮰全血体系与洗涤红细胞体系下红细胞C3b受体(erythrocyte C3breceptors,E-C3bR)与红细胞免疫复合物(erythrocyte immune complexes,E-IC)花环率,同时检测未灭活血清与灭活血清(58℃处理30min)对洗涤红细胞免疫粘附功能的调控作用.结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰红细胞能有效粘附致敏酵母及未致敏酵母,其灭活血清组E-C3bR与E-IC花环率(分别为16.78%和13.51%)明显高于未灭活血清组(分别为5.99%和6.99%)与生理盐水组(分别为8.59%和8.30%);未灭活血清组E-C3bR与E-IC花环率明显低于生理盐水组.试验结果表明斑点叉尾鮰红细胞具有免疫粘附功能,并且血清中存在促进红细胞免疫粘附功能的热稳定因子及抑制其免疫粘附功能的热不稳定因子.该试验不仅从技术上促进了红细胞免疫功能的研究,而且有助于全面客观地了解鱼类的红细胞免疫功能,为鱼类的病害监测及其防治奠定基础.     

玉米根细胞正面向外和内翻外质膜囊泡的分离

利用水双相分配分离法从玉米根细胞提取原生质膜囊泡。其质膜成分特异的K~+,Mg~(2+)—ATP酶活性比膜粗提液高1.67倍。其他细胞器标记酶活性在质膜组分中很低或没有。特异染色电镜形态学定量统计表明质膜组分中90％以上是质膜囊泡。去污剂刺激ATP酶活性实验证明,约92％囊泡是正面向外的。应用此法也证明NAD(P)H—氧化酶可能是跨膜存在的,其催化Fe~(3+)还原的位点可能在膜的内侧。应用高盐冻—融法并结合水双相分配分离法处理正面向外囊泡,可获得内翻外质膜囊泡,实验证明它不仅纯度高而且封闭。     

氧化甾醇-磷脂脂质囊泡的制备及特性研究

 氧化甾醇3,19–二羟基-胆甾烷-24-酮（DHCO）和3β,5α,6β-胆甾烷三醇（Triol）替代胆甾醇与大豆磷脂形成脂质囊泡的性质研究。采用乙醇注入法制备脂质囊泡,通过测定脂溶性及水溶性荧光探针在脂质囊泡中的荧光强度变化,考察囊泡膜流动性及通透性;通过测定脂质囊泡中游离DHCO及结合DHCO的浓度考察DHCO与磷脂的结合率;考察DHCO/磷脂比例、超声条件对脂质囊泡粒径大小和分布的影响。结果表明,DHCO、Triol与磷脂形成的脂质囊泡与胆甾烷（CHOL）-磷脂脂质囊泡的膜流动性无明显差异,但膜通透性稍有增大。DHCO与磷脂的结合率为8258%。DHCO、Triol与大豆磷脂经简单工艺即可形成脂质囊泡。可通过调节DHCO/磷脂比例、超声条件获得具理想粒径和外观的脂质囊泡。氧化甾醇数量庞大,其作为脂质囊泡的新型“流动性缓冲剂”有巨大的发展潜力。     

GTP-dependent twisting of dynamin implicates constriction and tension in membrane fission

Dynamin, a crucial factor in endocytosis, is a member of a family of GTPases that participates in membrane fission. It was initially proposed to act as a machine that constricts and cuts the neck of nascent vesicles in a GTP-hydrolysis-dependent reaction, but subsequent studies suggested alternative models. Here we monitored the effect of nucleotides on dynamin-coated lipid tubules in real time. Addition of GTP, but not of GDP or GTP-gammaS, resulted in twisting of the tubules and supercoiling, suggesting a rotatory movement of the helix turns relative to each other during GTP hydrolysis. Rotation was confirmed by the movement of beads attached to the tubules. Twisting activity produced a longitudinal tension that was released by tubule breakage when both ends of the tubule were anchored. Fission also occurred when dynamin and GTP were added to lipid tubules that had been generated from liposomes by the motor activity of kinesin on microtubules. No fission events were observed in the absence of longitudinal tension. These findings demonstrate a mechanoenzyme activity of dynamin in endocytosis, but also imply that constriction is not sufficient for fission. At the short necks of endocytic vesicles, other factors leading to tension may cooperate with the constricting activity of dynamin to induce fission.     

STED microscopy reveals that synaptotagmin remains clustered after synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Synaptic transmission is mediated by neurotransmitters that are stored in synaptic vesicles and released by exocytosis upon activation. The vesicle membrane is then retrieved by endocytosis, and synaptic vesicles are regenerated and re-filled with neurotransmitter. Although many aspects of vesicle recycling are understood, the fate of the vesicles after fusion is still unclear. Do their components diffuse on the plasma membrane, or do they remain together? This question has been difficult to answer because synaptic vesicles are too small (approximately 40 nm in diameter) and too densely packed to be resolved by available fluorescence microscopes. Here we use stimulated emission depletion (STED) to reduce the focal spot area by about an order of magnitude below the diffraction limit, thereby resolving individual vesicles in the synapse. We show that synaptotagmin I, a protein resident in the vesicle membrane, remains clustered in isolated patches on the presynaptic membrane regardless of whether the nerve terminals are mildly active or intensely stimulated. This suggests that at least some vesicle constituents remain together during recycling. Our study also demonstrates that questions involving cellular structures with dimensions of a few tens of nanometres can be resolved with conventional far-field optics and visible light.     

Ca2+-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles monitored by mixing of aqueous contents

Ca2+ has a central role in various cellular phenomena involving membrane fusion. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Model membrane systems such as phospholipid vesicles have been used extensively to study the mechanism of membrane fusion at the molecular level. For example, phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles have been shown to undergo massive aggregation and structural rearrangements on additon of Ca2+, with eventual formation of large cochleate structures. Although these structures do not retain appreciable internal volume, their formation has been proposed to result from fusion of the initial vesicles. The significance of the PS--Ca2+ system as a model for biological membrane fusion has been questioned recently by Ginsberg. Based on the observation that divalent cations induce the release of contents from PS vesicles but fail to bring about the uptake of a marker from the medium, he proposes that the vesicles are ruptured completely during interaction with divalent cations and reassemble subsequently to form large non-vesicular structures. The present study demonstrates that the question raised by Ginsberg is not particularly relevant to the phenomenon concerned, and that his experimental observations do not allow the exclusive conclusion that Ca2+ induces lysis of PS vesicles rather than fusion.     

Functional and spatial segregation of secretory vesicle pools according to vesicle age

Synaptic terminals and neuroendocrine cells are packed with secretory vesicles, only a few of which are docked at the plasma membrane and readily releasable. The remainder are thought to constitute a large cytoplasmic reserve pool awaiting recruitment into the readily releasable pool (RRP) for exocytosis. How vesicles are prioritized in recruitment is still unknown: the choice could be random, or else the oldest or the newest ones might be favoured. Here we show, using a fluorescent cargo protein that changes colour with time, that vesicles in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells segregate into distinct populations, based on age. Newly assembled vesicles are immobile (morphologically docked) at the plasma membrane shortly after biogenesis, whereas older vesicles are mobile and located deeper in the cell. Different secretagogues selectively release vesicles from the RRP or, surprisingly, selectively from the deeper cytoplasmic pool. Thus, far from being equal, vesicles are segregated functionally and spatially according to age.