细胞骨架在减数分裂中作用的研究

细胞骨架是存在于真核细胞中的一种动态网络结构,可调控细胞形态、植物细胞壁的发育,同时在构成细胞质、运输细胞成分、驱使细胞运动、完成有丝分裂和减数分裂等方面均发挥着重要作用.减数分裂是生物细胞中染色体数目减半的一种特殊的细胞分裂方式,减数分裂对于生物体有性生殖是至关重要的,既有效获得了父母双方的遗传物质,以保持后代的遗传性,又可以增加更多的变异机会,确保生物的多样性,增强生物适应环境变化的能力.因此减数分裂一直以来是人们研究的热点问题.本文综述了纺锤体微管和成膜体微管在减数分裂过程中的组装及作用以及微丝骨架在细胞减数分裂各个时期可能的作用,为继续研究细胞骨架在减数分裂过程中的作用提供一定的理论依据.     

活体烟草BY-2悬浮细胞微丝骨架的标记

微丝骨架是细胞骨架的重要成员,在细胞的多项生理活动中发挥着重要作用.本论文利用荧光标记鬼笔环肽技术和GFP融合蛋白技术,对活体烟草BY-2悬浮细胞中微丝骨架的标记方法进行了探索,结果表明,10nmol/L的Alexa488-Phalloidin为细胞微丝骨架标记的最佳浓度,利用PCR等技术构建pPZP-NtFABD2-GFP植物表达载体后,转化烟草BY-2悬浮细胞,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察发现,NtFABD2-GFP融合蛋白能够清晰地显示活体烟草悬浮细胞内的微丝骨架.这些结果为进一步深入研究微丝骨架在活体植物细胞中的功能奠定了基础.     

烟草NtCDC48基因的克隆及功能分析

利用裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）系统从烟草BY-2悬浮细胞中分离得到了NtCDC48 cDNA序列， 全长2729bp，包括74bp的5′端非翻译区，2427bp的开放阅读框以及228bp的3′端非翻译区，可读框编码808个氨基酸，推导蛋白含有两个典型的ATPase模块（aa：245—374；518—646）. 在烟草悬浮细胞中过量表达NtCDC48能显著提高烟草BY-2细胞的有丝分裂指数，并导致纺锤体微管列阵的两极结构由相对集中转换为极端弥散状态. NtCDC48GFP融合蛋白在细胞周期M期的亚细胞定位结果表明，NtCDC48随细胞周期进程发生有规律的变化.这些结果表明NtCDC48在植物细胞有丝分裂进程中发挥着重要作用.     

科技要闻

阐述BUI1蛋白的生理和生化功能近日,中国科学院上海生物科学院何祖华研究组成功克隆了BENT UPPERMOST INTERNODE1(BUI1)基因并阐述了BUI1蛋白的生理和生化功能。BUI1编码一个植物特异的ClassⅡformin蛋白,调控细胞微丝骨架(actin cytoskeleton)的装配和动态变化,微丝骨架是细胞形态和多种生理过程的基     

树突棘AMPA受体转运的细胞骨架机制

AMPA受体介导快速突触后兴奋传递,其亚基和数量的准确调控是突触传递、可塑性、神经环路精确性的关键,也是神经精神疾病发生的原因.树突棘存在丰富的微管和微丝细胞骨架结构以及丰富的相关蛋白,参与突触后AMPA受体的数量、类型、锚定、滞留、转运等过程,对微管和微丝如何调控AMPA受体的转运及机制的认识有助于理解AMPA受体转运的过程.本文主要对AMPA受体的结构特点、转运过程,以及转运调控的细胞骨架机制进行综合分析,帮助理解AMPA受体与细胞骨架之间的关系,以及树突棘可塑性的机制.     

水生动物细胞周期蛋白研究进展

细胞周期蛋白是真核细胞周期循环中主要的调控因子,参与细胞周期的精密调控,维持细胞正常生长及发育平衡.本文简述了细胞周期蛋白与水生动物卵子发生、早期胚胎发育的关系以及细胞周期蛋白在生殖过程的表达与调控.     

细胞骨架研究 中国科学家谈科学

研究细胞内细胞骨架,特别是微管和微丝的组装和去组装的动力学过程,以及细胞内依赖于微管和微丝的物质定向运输的分子机理,有助于理解细胞生命活动的本质,对于疾病的防治也有积极意义。     

人胃腺癌细胞系恶性表型逆转过程中细胞骨架变化的初步研究

应用显示细胞骨架的光镜和电镜方法观察表明,MGc80-3细胞质内微管很少,中间纤维数量稀少、构型改变,质膜内缘有较丰富的微丝层,具有恶性细胞典型的、不发达的细胞骨架特征.但经dBcAMP诱导后,细胞质内微管和中间纤维数量增多,分布排列有规则,质膜内缘微丝大量减少,细胞骨架组成、构型、数量与分布均产生与正常细胞大体相似的恢复性改变.这种变化是由于dBeAMP诱导胃癌细胞内cAMP水平的提高而实现的.细胞骨架正常构型和功能的恢复,对于逆转细胞形态结构的改变、细胞增殖的调控和细胞表面特性的改变均具有重要影响,是癌变细胞恶性表型逆转的一种重要的形态和功能表现.     

水生动物细胞周期蛋白研究进展

细胞周期蛋白是真核细胞周期循环中主要的调控因子，参与细胞周期的精密调控，维持细胞正常生长及发育平衡．本文简述了细胞周期蛋白与水生动物卵子发生、早期胚胎发育的关系以及细胞周期蛋白在生殖过程的表达与调控．     

洋葱根尖分生区细胞中的微管

用间接免疫荧光法在荧光显微镜下可以观察到植物根尖细胞分裂周期中微管捧列的变化.本文通过这一免疫细胞化学的方法研究了洋葱根尖分生区细胞中的微管周期.结果表明洋葱根尖细胞周期中有四种微管排列的方式,且这四种排列方式是一个循序渐进变化的过程,即周质微管、早前期带微管、纺锤体微管和成膜体微管.这四种微管的出现与细胞分裂周期密切相关,构成了典型的细胞微管周期.     

Dynamics and functions of the actin cytoskeleton during the plant cell cycle

In eukaryotic cells, the course of the cell cycle depends on correct cytoskeleton arrangement. The cell cycle consists of several phases, and in each of them the cytoskeleton has a unique structure and set of characteristics. The dynamics of the cytoskeleton together with its binding proteins greatly contribute to progression of the cell cycle. Here, we mainly review recent research on the dynamic distribution of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-binding proteins, and the mechanisms by which they affect the ...     

Chromosome nondisjunction yields tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells in human cell lines

Although mutations in cell cycle regulators or spindle proteins can perturb chromosome segregation, the causes and consequences of spontaneous mitotic chromosome nondisjunction in human cells are not well understood. It has been assumed that nondisjunction of a chromosome during mitosis will yield two aneuploid daughter cells. Here we show that chromosome nondisjunction is tightly coupled to regulation of cytokinesis in human cell lines, such that nondisjunction results in the formation of tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells. We observed that spontaneously arising binucleated cells exhibited chromosome mis-segregation rates up to 166-fold higher than the overall mitotic population. Long-term imaging experiments indicated that most binucleated cells arose through a bipolar mitosis followed by regression of the cleavage furrow hours later. Nondisjunction occurred with high frequency in cells that became binucleated by furrow regression, but not in cells that completed cytokinesis to form two mononucleated cells. Our findings indicate that nondisjunction does not directly yield aneuploid cells, but rather tetraploid cells that may subsequently become aneuploid through further division. The coupling of spontaneous segregation errors to furrow regression provides a potential explanation for the prevalence of hyperdiploid chromosome number and centrosome amplification observed in many cancers.     

A new tropomyosin essential for cytokinesis in the fission yeast S. pombe.

Mutations in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc8 gene impair cytokinesis. Here we clone cdc8+ and find that it encodes a novel tropomyosin. Gene disruption results in lethal arrest of the cell cycle, but spore germination, cell growth, DNA replication and mitosis are all unaffected. Haploid cdc8 gene disruptants are rescued by expression of a fibroblast tropomyosin complementary DNA. Immunofluorescence microscopy of wild type and cdc8 gene disruptants indicates that cdc8 tropomyosin is present in two distinct cellular distributions: in dispersed patches, and during cytokinesis as a transient medial band. Collectively these results indicate that cdc8 tropomyosin has a specialized role which, we suggest, is to form part of the F-actin contractile ring at cytokinesis. These results establish the basis for further genetic studies of cytokinesis and of contractile protein function in S. pombe.     

MOR1 is essential for organizing cortical microtubules in plants

Microtubules orchestrate cell division and morphogenesis, but how they disassemble and reappear at different subcellular locations is unknown. Microtubule organizing centres are thought to have an important role, but in higher plants microtubules assemble in ordered configurations even though microtubule organizing centres are inconspicuous or absent. Plant cells generate highly organized microtubule arrays that coordinate mitosis, cytokinesis and expansion. Inhibiting microtubule assembly prevents chromosome separation, blocks cell division and impairs growth polarity. Microtubules are essential for the formation of cell walls, through an array of plasma-membrane-associated cortical microtubules whose control mechanisms are unknown. Using a genetic strategy to identify microtubule organizing factors in Arabidopsis thaliana, we isolated temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of the MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION 1 (MOR1) gene. Here we show that MOR1 is the plant version of an ancient family of microtubule-associated proteins. Point mutations that substitute single amino-acid residues in an amino-terminal HEAT repeat impart reversible temperature-dependent cortical microtubule disruption, showing that MOR1 is essential for cortical microtubule organization.     

Cell division

In creating the mitotic spindle and the contractile ring, natural selection has engineered fascinating precision machines whose movements depend upon forces generated by ensembles of cytoskeletal proteins. These machines segregate chromosomes and divide the cell with high fidelity. Current research on the mechanisms and regulation of spindle morphogenesis, chromosome motility and cytokinesis emphasizes how ensembles of dynamic cytoskeletal polymers and multiple motors cooperate to generate the forces that guide the cell through mitosis and cytokinesis.     

钙调素对肿瘤细胞周期的调节作用

利用钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP)研究了钙调素对HeLa细胞周期进程的影响,TFP处理的细胞被阻抑在G_1/S,使S期群体及DNA合成下降,G_2期群体增加.有丝分裂(M)前期细胞减少,中期细胞增加.结果表明钙调素对G_1至S期.G_2至M期和M中期至M后期具有调节作用,钙调素通过细胞周期中上述3个位点对肿瘤细胞增殖进行调节.     

Growth control of activated, synchronized murine B cells by the C3d fragment of human complement

Three restriction points control the cell cycle of activated B lymphocytes. The first occurs directly after mitosis and is controlled by the occupancy of surface-bound immunoglobulin. The second is observed approximately 4 h after mitosis in the G1 phase of the cycle, that is, before DNA replication, and is controlled by growth factors that are produced by macrophages which we have previously classified as alpha-type factors. The third restriction point occurs in the G2 phase, 2-4 h before mitosis, and is controlled by beta-type growth factors probably produced by helper T lymphocytes. The third component of complement, C3, has long been implicated in the control of B-cell responses. C3 is secreted by monocytes and macrophages. We have found recently that crosslinked, but not soluble, human C3 stimulates activated, but not resting, murine B cells to thymidine uptake. Here we investigate the role of C3b and C3d in the progression of the cell cycle of activated, synchronized murine B cells. We find that crosslinked C3d replaces the action of alpha-factors within the cell cycle of these cells and allows entry into S phase. In contrast, soluble C3d inhibits the action of alpha-factors. This implies that a C3d-specific receptor, probably the murine analogue to the human complement receptor CR2, is a growth factor receptor on activated B cells that will give the cell a growth-positive signal when it is crosslinked, while occupancy by the soluble form of C3d will result in inhibition of the action of alpha-factors or of crosslinked C3b or C3d. A stretch of weak homology between the cDNA sequence of murine C3d and those of murine growth factors indicates that an insulin-like growth factor could be the active principle of C3d that controls the cell cycle of activated B cells.     

小鼠腹水瘤巨噬细胞对大肠杆菌O157免疫应答的膜蛋白质组学研究

采用膜亚蛋白质组学方法研究小鼠腹水瘤巨噬细胞Raw 264.7对致病性大肠杆菌O157的免疫应答反应,筛选并鉴定到24个差异表达的膜蛋白质.这些膜蛋白质与细胞免疫、细胞周期、细胞发育、细胞骨架、细胞生长等有关.在蛋白质水平上对巨噬细胞与大肠杆菌间的相互作用关系进行了一些探索性研究,为进一步揭示机体对病原反应的作用机制提供理论基础.     

Dynamics and roles of phragmoplast microfilaments in cell plate formation during cytokinesis of tobacco BY-2 cells

The phragmoplast is a special apparatus that functions in establishing a cell plate in dividing plant cells. It is known that microfilaments （MFs） are involved in constituting phragmoplast structure, but the dynamic distribution and role of phragmoplast MFs are far from being understood. In this study, the precise structure and dynamics of MFs during the initiation and the late lateral expansion of the phragmoplast were observed by using a tobacco BY-2 cell line stably expressing the microfilament reporter construct GFP-fABD2. Three-dimensional imaging showed that the phragmoplast MFs were initiated by two populations of MFs emerging between the reconstituting daughter nuclei at anaphase, which migrated to the mid-zone and gave rise to two layers of microfilament arrays. FM4-64 stained vesicles accumulated and fused with the cell plate between the two populations of MFs. The two layers of microfilament arrays of phragmoplast with ends overlapped always surrounded the centrifugally expanding cell plate. Partial disruption of MFs at metaphase by low concentration of latrunculin B resulted in the inhibition of the cell plate consolidation and the blockage of cell plate lateral expansion, whereas high concentration of latrunculin B restrained the progression of the cell cycle. Treating the cell after the initiation of phragmoplast led to the cease of the expansion of the cell plate. Our observations provide new insights into the precise structure and dynamics of phragmoplast MFs during cytokinesis and suggest that dynamic phragmoplast MFs are important in cell plate formation.     

Sequence and domain structure of talin

Talin is a high-molecular-weight cytoskeletal protein concentrated at regions of cell-substratum contact and, in lymphocytes, at cell-cell contacts. Integrin receptors are involved in the attachment of adherent cells to extracellular matrices and of lymphocytes to other cells. In these situations, talin codistributes with concentrations of integrins in the cell surface membrane. Furthermore, in vitro binding studies suggest that integrins bind to talin, although with low affinity. Talin also binds with high affinity to vinculin, another cytoskeletal protein concentrated at points of cell adhesion. Finally, talin is a substrate for the Ca2(+)-activated protease, calpain II, which is also concentrated at points of cell-substratum contact. To learn more about the structure of talin and its involvement in transmembrane connections between extracellular adhesions and the cytoskeleton, we have cloned and sequenced murine talin. We describe a model for the structure of talin based on this sequence and other data. Homologies between talin and other proteins define a novel family of submembranous cytoskeleton-associated proteins all apparently involved in connections to the plasma membrane.