Genome editing and animal models

Transgenic technology allows a gene of interest to be introduced into the genome of a laboratory animal, and provides an extremely powerful tool to dissect the molecular mechanisms of disease. Transgenic mouse models made by microinjection of DNA into zygotic pro- nuclei in particular have been widely used by the genetics community for 30 years. However, it remains a rather crude approach： injected sequences randomly insert in multiple copies as concatamers, they can be mutagenic, and they have variable or silenced expression depending on the site of integration, a phenomenon called position effects. As a result, multiple lines are required in order to confirm appropriate transgene expression. This can be partially overcome by flanking transgenes with insulator sequences to protect the transgene from the influence of the sur- rounding regulatory elements. Large （〈300 kb） BAC- based transgenic vectors have also been shown to be more resistant to position effects. However, animals carrying extra copies of fairly large regions of the genome could have unpredictable phenotypes. The most effective method used to control for position effects is to target transgene insertion to specific genomic loci, the so-called targeted transgenesis; for instance, the fast, site-specific transgenic technology TargattTM. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the current existing methods for making targeted transgenic mouse models.     

重金属污染土壤生物修复技术若干问题探讨

随着工业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题已成亟待解决的课题。本文主要综述了重金属污染土壤生物修复过程中重金属对土壤微生物的影响以及土壤微生物对重金属的响应,并评述了根际环境在土壤修复中的作用,以期为生物修复工程的有效实施提供科学指导。     

植物转基因对现代农业的促进作用及其食用安全性

介绍了植物转基因技术在农作物的改良、农药的减少使用和生态环境的改善等方面所作的贡献。还对转基因食品的毒性和过敏性、转基因植物栽培所面临的生态风险及转基因产品政府监管的必要性做了相应的介绍。转基因植物、转基因食品及其衍生品商业化已有30多年,到目前为止绝大多数科学论文都已证明转基因植物与非转基因植物在成分上无显著差异。最近天然转基因甘薯(红薯)的发现更进一步表明了转基因产品的安全性。     

植物基因工程的现状与展望

介绍了80年代以来植物基因工程的历史、现状和发展趋势,对利用转基因植物生产药用蛋白,用工程病毒为载体生产药用蛋白,改进植物品质及逆境适应性,提高光合作用和固氮效率,抗除草剂工程植物及工程微生物与生物医学的关系等作了可行性分析和前景预测。     

基因工程抗体

目的 :了解新一代抗体的研究状况。方法 :通过计算机数据库检索相关文献 ,作出综合评述。结果 :利用基因工程技术制备的抗体为新一代的抗体 ,包括人源化的鼠源性抗体、重组抗体片段、转基因动物抗体、植物抗体和噬菌体抗体。结论 :基因工程抗体在疾病的诊断和预防 ,特别是治疗方面有广阔的应用前景。     

MeCP2转基因食蟹猴所表征的类自闭症行为及种系传递

 自闭症是近年来公众关注度很高的一种神经系统疾病，甲基化CpG结合蛋白2（MeCP2）因其能够在转录水平调节基因表达和操控微小RNA（miRNA）的效应而在自闭症中扮演着重要的角色。当MeCP2因突变而功能缺失时会导致瑞特综合症（Rett syndrome），而当MeCP2拷贝数过多则会导致一种名为MeCP2重复综合症的自闭症。虽然目前科学家已经构建成功了MeCP2的转基因小鼠，但在这种小鼠模型中无法很好地观察到类似人类自闭症的表型。本研究组通过慢病毒侵染的方法构建了能在神经系统中特异表达人源MeCP2的转基因食蟹猴模型，并通过深度测序检测出了转基因插入位点以及通过免疫印迹（westernblot）确证了外源基因的表达。该转基因食蟹猴模型在行动、社交及情绪方面表现出明显的类似自闭症行为，并呈现转基因的种系传递现象。这些结果表明通过基因编辑技术构建非人灵长类模型在脑疾病研究中的重要性。     

Can transgenic rice cause ecological risks through transgene escape?

Alien transgene escape from genetically engineered rice to non-transgenic varieties or close wild relatives (including weedy rice) may lead to unpredictable ecological risks. However, for transgene escape to occur three conditions need to be met: (i) spatially, transgenic rice and its non-transgenic counterparts or wild relatives should have sympatric distributions; (ii) temporally, the flowering time of transgenic rice and the non-transgenic varieties or wild relatives should overlap; and (iii) biologically, transgenic rice and its wild relative species should have such a sufficiently close relationship that their interspecific hybrids can have normal generative reproduction. This paper presents research data on the geographic distribution, flowering habits, interspecific hybridization, and gene flow of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and its closely related wild relatives containing the AA genome. The objective is to estimate the possibility of transgene escape to non-transgenic rice varieties and wild relatives of rice, which may result in unpredictable ecological risks.     

微生物在海洋污染环境中的生物修复作用

海洋环境微生物学作为生命科学、环境科学及海洋科学紧密渗透、相互交叉的新兴学科,近年来有着突飞猛进的发展。特别是利用微生物为主体的生物修复在治理海洋中有毒有害污染物的作用日显重要,已成为当今国际海洋环境科学与工程研究的热点之一。阐述了生物修复技术发展的基础——微生物降解作用,微生物的生态、生理、进化等问题,强调了生物修复在治理海洋污染环境中应用的重要性,报道了作者近年来以新思路、新方法、藉海洋微生物的特殊功能与特点对海洋环境中的主要污染物——石油、农药、赤潮灾害与毒素以及病原性微生物等修复作用的新成果,展示了厦门大学在该领域所进行的若干创新性、前瞻性研究工作以及生物修复技术在海洋污染环境中广泛的应用前景。     

转基因植物对环境微生物的影响及其检测技术的研究进展

为了解转基因植物及其表达产物环境释放的生态影响,归纳和总结了转基因植物对微生物的影响及其检测技术的应用现状.从转基因植物对土壤微生物多样性的影响及其检测的一般方法和分子生物学方法,转基因植物中抗性标记基因对微生物影响和微生物在转基因植物产品毒理学检测等方面进行了综述,以期为转基因植物的应用和健康发展提供依据,同时也为转...     

植物表达抗体的研究进展

利用转基因植物生产抗体是一个新兴的生物技术领域。这种技术将编码全抗体或抗体片段的基因导入植物，从而在植物中产生全抗体或抗体片段，获得的抗体能功能性地识别抗原并结合抗原。目前已有农杆菌介导转移法和基因枪法等多种转化技术用于将抗体基因导入植物细胞。利用植物表达抗体的一大优势是能大规模廉价生产免疫治疗用抗体。此外，植物抗体也可用于植物自身抗病，并能调节植物细胞代谢。本文主要就植物生产抗体的方法、抗体的表达及应用作一综述。     

木霉属真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复中的应用潜力分析

微生物强化植物修复成为目前重金属污染土壤生物修复安全有效的手段之一,但目前尚待寻找新的耐重金属的多功能真菌用于修复研究。本文分析了微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的原理及木霉与重金属污染修复相关的功能,并初步阐明了木霉属真菌在重金属污染生物修复中的应用潜力,以期为开发新的安全高效的重金属修复剂提供参考。     

转基因植物对土壤生态系统的影响

随着转基因植物的大面积商业化种植,其对土壤生态系统造成的影响日益引起人们的关注。本文综述了转基因植物对土壤中动物、微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,并且对转基因植物对土壤生态系统的影响进行了展望,以期为转基因植物对土壤环境的生态风险性评价提供参考。     

石油污染地表土壤的微生物降解特征

在石油的生产和储运等过程中会造成土壤被石油污染的问题,进而引起生态环境损害.本文利用热蒸发烃分析仪(GHM)对石油污染土壤进行定性定量分析,进行了油污土壤的微生物降解研究.分析结果表明:油井附近的油污土壤中存在着嗜油微生物,它们对落地石油具有较明显的降解作用;抽油生产史长的油井周围土壤中存在自然驯化出的更多嗜油微生物,其近井土壤中污油的降解速度快;随着微生物降解作用的不断进行,样品中污油的相对降解速度逐渐加快,相对降解率逐渐增加,污油样品中气态组分含量随降解时间延长而增加.实验证明,微生物对污油确实存在较强的选择性降解消耗作用,可以减轻石油生产对土壤的破坏及对环境的污染.     

生物修复概述及国内外研究进展

重点从微生物与植物的角度阐述了生物修复的概念与类型，分析了微生物、植物在生物修复中所起的作用及近年来来国内外在生物修复研究方面所取得的进展，评价了生物修复特别是植物修复所具有的优势，也指出了生物修复的缺点与不足．     

Preparation and properties of microencapsulated genetically engineered bacteria cells for oral therapy of uremia

~~Preparation and properties of microencapsulated genetically engineered bacteria cells for oral therapy of uremia~~     

Comprehensive study on genetic pathways and parent materialsof secondary biogenic gas in coalbeds

The types of substances in coal rock used by microbes,the specific ways in which microbes produce secondary biogenic gas(SBG)and whether substances exist in the coal seam for the formation of a large amount of SBG are important basic scientific issues.This paper conducts a systematic and comprehensive research study on the above issues using methods such as the isotopic tracing of gas,the analysis of coal organic geochemistry,and gas-producing simulation experiments of coal.Results show that the formation of SBG is by the microbial reduction of CO2and the SBG-producing coal seam undergoes microbial degradation.The thermogenic heavy gaseous hydrocarbons have also been degraded by microorganisms and possibly transformed into microbialoriginated CO2.A large amount of CO2,a relatively large amount of H2and a certain amount of heavy gaseous hydrocarbons may form in the thermal evolution of coal.These substances and the microbial-originated CO2and coal seam water can finally become parent materials of SBG.These components are rich in coal seams of medium–low thermal evolution,which should be the main coal seams for SBG formation and exploration.     

海洋石油烃降解菌群构建及其在降解过程中的动态分析

有针对性地选择了实验室从油污染的样品中富集筛选出来的6株细菌构建出一个石油烃降解菌群，采用PCR-DGGE结合平板计数监测法研究了该菌群在石油烃降解过程中的菌群结构变化．结果表明，能产生生物乳化剂的不动杆菌PN3-2在混合菌群中是稳定优势菌，专一性利用烷烃的食烷菌B-5是菌群拥有持久高效降解能力不可缺少的菌株，而降解后期的优势菌铜绿假单胞菌可能对烷烃代谢产物的清除有重要作用．本实验为人工构建有机污染物降解菌群提供了实践经验，并为大规模的生物修复实践奠定了基础．     

A synthetic homing endonuclease-based gene drive system in the human malaria mosquito

Genetic methods of manipulating or eradicating disease vector populations have long been discussed as an attractive alternative to existing control measures because of their potential advantages in terms of effectiveness and species specificity. The development of genetically engineered malaria-resistant mosquitoes has shown, as a proof of principle, the possibility of targeting the mosquito's ability to serve as a disease vector. The translation of these achievements into control measures requires an effective technology to spread a genetic modification from laboratory mosquitoes to field populations. We have suggested previously that homing endonuclease genes (HEGs), a class of simple selfish genetic elements, could be exploited for this purpose. Here we demonstrate that a synthetic genetic element, consisting of mosquito regulatory regions and the homing endonuclease gene I-SceI, can substantially increase its transmission to the progeny in transgenic mosquitoes of the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. We show that the I-SceI element is able to invade receptive mosquito cage populations rapidly, validating mathematical models for the transmission dynamics of HEGs. Molecular analyses confirm that expression of I-SceI in the male germline induces high rates of site-specific chromosomal cleavage and gene conversion, which results in the gain of the I-SceI gene, and underlies the observed genetic drive. These findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which genetic control measures can be implemented. Our results also show in principle how sequence-specific genetic drive elements like HEGs could be used to take the step from the genetic engineering of individuals to the genetic engineering of populations.     

转基因作物的利弊分析

近年来,转基因作物的培育已取得显著进展,但其潜在的问题也日益突出和明显.文章对转基因作物的优越性与潜在风险进行了简要综述.     

包气带土层中重质油的生物可降解性

通过投加高效微生物和半腐熟堆肥材料 ,改善微生物生态环境 ,促进重质油的生物降解。利用 Soxhlet抽提重量法评价重质油污染土层生物修复的进程 ,并探讨了微生物活性与石油污染物生物降解之间的关系。结果表明 ,重质油生物降解的半衰期长 ,经过 90 d,生物降解量仅占总量的2 0 %。微生物计数和脱氢酶活性与石油污染物生物降解之间存在良好的相关性 ,表明了微生物量和脱氢酶活性是油污土层生物可修复性的良好评价指标