带收获和自食的两种群竞争系统局部渐近稳定性

研究了一个带收获和自食的两种群竞争系统的模型，证明了该模型解的正性和有界性，得到了一个正平衡点局部渐近稳定的充分条件。     

一类具阶段结构的捕食系统正周期解的存在性

建立具有阶段结构和自食现象而且食饵和捕食者均受密度制约的周期捕食系统:x'(t)=x(t)[β1(t)-a(t)x(t)]-b(t)x(t)z2(t),=z'1(t)=β2(t)z2(t)-s(t)z1(t)-c(t)z1(t)z2(t),=z'2(t)=r(t)z1(t)-d(t)z22(t) e(t)z1(t)z2(t) h(t)x(t)z2(t),=x(0)＞0,z1(0)＞0,z2(0)＞0,并且利用重合度理论得到正周期解存在的充分条件为dlsl＞eMβM2 bM/βl1(rMβM2 hMβM1sl/al).     

On the natural history of the South American pepper frog,Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

Some species of Leptodactylus of the L. pentadactylus group lay their eggs outside water but the tadpoles need to reach water to complete the larval phase; other species complete development in terrestrial nests. Here we present details of the reproduction of L. labyrinthicus in south‐eastern Brazil. The proportion of tadpoles and trophic eggs in aged egg clutches was determined, as well as the growth of the tadpoles while in the nest. The gut contents of tadpoles that were in egg clutches of frogs were analysed. Adult males did not differ from females in size and had hypertrophied forearms and an enlarged spine on the thumb. Reproduction was initiated with the first rains of August/September and extended to mid‐January. Calling and spawning occurred at permanent or temporary water bodies. The foam nests were built in excavated basins outside of, but close to the water. The male determined the place of the basin construction; after amplexus, the female completed the excavation. The amplexus was axillary. One female spent the day after spawning in the foam. The eggs were pale grey, the yolk averaging 2.3?mm in diameter. The mean number of eggs was 2101 per egg clutch. The number of tadpoles in individual nests varied between 0.05% and 11.40% in relation to the total laid eggs. The tadpoles entered water when rains flooded the basin. The tadpoles grew to 12 times the weight of an individual egg while in the nest; no nesting tadpole was beyond stage 25. The longest time we followed tadpoles in a nest was 25 days. Tadpoles were found preying upon eggs of three other frog species and upon conspecific eggs. Males fought by grasping each other in a belly‐to‐belly position; the powerful arms and the thumb spines represent weapons. Even though males can reach maturity in the season following birth, small size would prevent them from establishing their own territory. All the species of the L. pentadactylus group may build their foam nests within excavated basins. The basins may protect the eggs and embryos from cannibalistic tadpoles and may have an anti‐desiccation effect. In order to produce trophic eggs, the female may delay laying additional unfertilized eggs until after the male has abandoned the foam nest. Anuran eggs represent an important food item for tadpoles after they leave the nest.     

N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate lyases (MurNAc etherases): role in cell wall metabolism, distribution, structure, and mechanism

MurNAc etherases cleave the uniqued-lactyl ether bond of the bacterial cell wall sugar N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). Members of this newly discovered family of enzymes are widely distributed among bacteria and are required to utilize peptidoglycan fragments obtained either from the environment or from the endogenous cell wall (i.e., recycling). MurNAc etherases are strictly dependent on the substrate MurNAc possessing a free reducing end and a phosphoryl group at C6. They carry a single conserved sugar phosphate isomerase/sugar phosphate- binding (SIS) domain to which MurNAc 6-phosphate is bound. Two subunits form an enzymatically active homodimer that structurally resembles the isomerase module of the double-SIS domain protein GlmS, the glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase. Structural comparison provides insights into the two-step lyase-type reaction mechanism of MurNAc etherases: β-elimination of the D-lactic acid substituent proceeds through a 2,3-unsaturated sugar intermediate to which water is subsequently added. Received 31 August 2007; received after revision 12 October 2007; accepted 1 November 2007     

一类3阶段结构自食系统的征税模型

在应用微分方程理论研究具有3个年龄阶段的自食单种群模型的基础上考虑税收,分析了一类具有阶段结构的自食单种群征税模型,讨论了正平衡点的存在性.在适当的假设条件下,采用Routh-Hurwitz判别法证明了系统正平衡点是局部渐近稳定的,以及通过构造Lyapunov函数证明了系统正平衡点是全局渐近稳定的.同时利用Pontrjagin最大值原理给出了最优征税策略,得出了贴现率能够影响捕获种群的利润水平.     

具有种内相食的捕食-食饵模型正解的惟一性

在齐次Dirichlet边界条件下研究一类种内相食的捕食-食饵模型正解的存在性和惟一性。首先利用极值原理、上下解方法给出正解的先验估计,然后利用Leray—Schauder度理论,通过计算锥映射不动点指标得到正解的存在性,最后利用特征值变分原理给出正解存在的惟一性。     

拟环纹豹蛛求偶和交配行为的初步研究

以拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata为研究对象,对其在室内求偶和交配行为进行了详细描述．雄蛛第1对步足水平前伸高频颤动及雄蛛触肢“划浆”式动作是其典型求偶行为．雄蛛触肢上黑白相间的毛丛在求偶中可能具重要作用．第1对步足水平前伸,同时身体平卧地面为雌蛛典型性接受行为．拟环纹豹蛛交配成功率为74．23％,完整交配一次雄蛛左右触肢器分别插入1次,基血囊膨大多次．交配前求偶潜伏时间、求偶持续时间和交配持续时间平均分别为31s、4min32S和26min49S．拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛可进行多次交配,而雌蛛单次交配．雌蛛具同类相食习性,交配前和交配后雌蛛同类相食率依次为9．28％和16．18％．     

具有阶段结构和自食作用捕食系统的持久生存

研究了一类食饵具有阶段结构和自食作用的捕食系统，证明了在一定条件下系统是持续生存的，并通过数值模拟显示结论的正确性。     

论鲁迅与莫言在剖析中国封建文化"吃人"意象上的精神传承

作为五四与新时期文学代表人物的鲁迅与莫言在许多方面有相通之处,尽管两人关注中国文化“吃人”意象的立足点不同,创作风格不同,审美观点不同,但是他们在对人物深层文化心理的挖掘上,在作品所隐含的现代性思考上,在作品复调形式的运用上都有着惊人的相似之处。对中国封建文“化吃人”意象的精神阐释是百年人文精神重建的重要组成部分。     

日本对虾仔虾相残的实验研究

以相残死亡率为指标,研究了幼体密度、饵料密度、体长和光照等4个因素对日本对虾仔虾相残的影响.结果表明,1)日本对虾仔虾的相残率随饵料密度的上升而下降,饵料密度对相残率的影响极显著(P<0.01);2)不同放养密度下,日本对虾仔虾的相残行为有显著差异(P<0.01),但在超过100ind.·l-1后相残率的增幅显著变小(P<0.01);3)不同体长仔虾(0.7cm和1cm)单养时相残率差异不显著(P>0.05),但大小混养时相残行为比较严重(平均增加58.2%);4)光照条件的改变会影响日本对虾仔虾的相残行为,自然光照下比黑暗时仔虾相残率平均降低36%,差异显著(P<0.05).此外,本文还就日本对虾仔虾相残的发生原因、机制以及预防措施等相关问题进行了初步讨论.