雌蛛拖丝在星豹蛛和拟环纹豹蛛物种识别中的作用

通过比较狼蛛科豹蛛属的星豹蛛和拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛分别在两种雌蛛释放的拖丝上的求偶行为差异,验证两种豹蛛雌蛛拖丝上化学信息物质在物种识别中的作用.研究发现,两种雄性豹蛛在同种雌蛛拖丝上的求偶潜伏时间都显著短于在异种雌蛛拖丝上的求偶潜伏时间,两种雄性豹蛛在同种雌蛛拖丝上的求偶强度都显著强于异种雌蛛拖丝上的求偶强度.可见雄性豹蛛能通过雌蛛拖丝上的化学信息物质进行种内识别.     

星豹蛛和拟环纹豹蛛抗逆性比较研究

以拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata和星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera为实验对象,分别测定两种豹蛛成熟雌雄蛛体内含水量和脂类含量,并比较两种豹蛛在无水无食条件下的存活时间,为探究蜘蛛体内水分和脂类含量与其抗干旱和抗饥饿能力的关系提供依据.研究结果表明:星豹蛛体内含水量和脂类含量均显著高于拟环纹豹蛛,星豹蛛在无水无食条件下的存活时间也显著长于拟环纹豹蛛.同时两种豹蛛雌蛛体内脂含量和无水无食条件下的存活时间显著高于相应雄蛛.蜘蛛脂类含量一定程度上可以反映它们的抗逆性.     

中国大疣蛛属Macrothele两新种记述(蜘蛛目:大疣蛛科)

本文记述采自广西和云南的大疣蛛属Macrothele两种:指状大疣蛛Macrothele digitata sp. nov.和敬钊大疣蛛M.jingzhao sp. nov.。指状大疣蛛与湖南大疣蛛M.hunanica ZhuSong, 2000相似,但具以下不同特征:雄蛛触肢器胫节背面具8根壮刺,插入器正面观微弯曲;步足II胫节中部膨大,腹面多刺;雌蛛交配管短,指状。敬钊大疣蛛与颜氏大疣蛛M.yani Xu, YinGriswold, 2002相似,但具以下不同特征:触肢胫节具3根内侧刺;基血囊圆盘状;插入器基部细,端部针状,微弯曲;步足I胫节微弯曲,腹面多刺。     

缅甸盖蛛Neriene birmanica——我国皿蛛一新记录种(蜘蛛目:皿蛛科:皿蛛亚科)

整理四川蜘蛛标本时,发现我国皿蛛一新记录种,其触肢器形态结构与克什米尔盖蛛相同,外雌器与缅甸盖蛛相同.克什米尔盖蛛由Di Caporiacco在1935年依据1头残缺雄蛛标本订立,缅甸盖蛛是Thorell在1887年依据1头雌蛛标本订立.根据所采得成对标本的外生殖器的形态结构,笔者认为克什米尔盖蛛是缅甸盖蛛的雄蛛,前者是后者的新异名.     

温度对拟环纹豹蛛发育和繁殖力的影响

拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)为水稻害虫的重要天敌,在湖北省武汉市以成蛛和幼蛛越冬,一年最多可发生三个世代,以第二代历期为最短,第三代最长.雌蛛历期长于雄蛛.温度对发育历期有较大影响,用二次曲线拟合其关系方程为:y=698.2369—40.8019+0.617x~2,h=0.9850,R=0.9839 δ=5.5281.在32℃时历期取极小值23.36d.全代发育起点温度为10.16℃,有效积温为1171.3日度.温度对产卵间隔、卵袋数、产卵量、幼蛛存活率、成蛛寿命均有较大影响.在25—32℃温度范围内,产卵量和幼蛛存活率高,该蛛有较强的抗高温能力.     

桑天牛成虫生殖行为观察

在室内进行桑天牛成虫饲养,并对其取食、交配、产卵、刻槽等行为进行了观察研究。结果表明:桑天牛成虫在同一构树枝上取食时有部位选择行为,其先试探选择2～5个部位,选定后连续取食;雌虫的日取食量明显大于雄虫;成虫求偶交配行为分为求偶、抱对、交配、拆对等阶段;雌成虫刻槽产卵是一个完整的过程,可明显区分为位置选择、咬槽、产卵、封槽4个阶段。成虫取食高峰期为6:00—8:00,次高峰期为12:00—14:00,上午取食量占日取食量的一半以上;求偶时间可达78～148 s,平均约119.56 s;每次交配的持续时间为312～605 s,平均约445.62 s;雌成虫咬刻槽的时间为15～25 min,每产1粒卵的时间为3～5 min;桑天牛成虫在1 d内产卵最多的时间段是20:00—22:00,约占日产卵量的1/3;产卵量随着时间的推移逐渐减少;雌成虫交配后可持续产卵1个月以上。     

我国跳蛛一新纪录

本文前两作者于1982年6—7日间在安徽黄山和九华山采到一种跳蛛,经鉴定,为我国一新纪录种——弗氏巢跳蛛Viciria Vlijmi proszynski,1977。迄今笔者仅见到此种雄蛛触肢器的腹面图,而其详细鉴别特征及雌蛛外雌器均未见有记载,故描述如下,以供参考。雌蛛体长9.3—11.1毫米。体长9.2毫米的标本测量如下:头胸部(长×宽)4.37×3.58毫米,腹部4.82×2.47毫米。眼区长不到头胸部长之半(1.80∶4.37毫米),眼区长小于宽(1.80∶2.30毫米)。第二行眼小,约位于第一,三行眼的中间。各眼周围有黑圈,第三行     

西北豆芫菁Epicauta sibirica的取食偏好与交配行为

通过野外观察和室内养殖,对西北豆芫菁Epicauta sibirica(Pallas, 1773)成虫的取食偏好与交配行为进行了观察和分析,结果发现:1)西北豆芫菁成虫喜食大豆和马铃薯的叶片;2)西北豆芫菁成虫的交配行为包括求偶和交尾2个阶段.求偶过程会反复多次,求偶行为持续时间平均为(9.60±1.78) min,间隔时间平均为(6.55±1.92) min.交尾过程中采用"一"字式姿势,交尾时段主要集中在8:00～13:00,交尾持续时间平均为(165.44±14.17) min.     

蜘蛛的生物学

就蜘蛛生物学的若干问题作了一些介绍和讨论.蜘蛛是一类在进化上奇特的类群 ,高度发达的丝腺、丝在其生活中的广泛利用、雄蛛触肢转变为传递精子的器官等 ,在动物界都是独一无二的.撇开它独特的结网行为不谈 ,它的求偶、争斗、育幼、学习等行为 ,与同为节肢动物的昆虫大相径庭 ,反而与高等动物有许多类似之处.在蜘蛛的生物学中这许多特点是如何在进化中形成的 ,其生命过程的奥秘何在 ,都是值得深入探讨的研究课题     

野外猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)交配行为观察

2017年3月13日-5月13日,获得猪獾在野外交配的红外相机视频463个片段,总有效时长8 057 s。交配前雄兽对雌兽有明显看护行为,时间长达30. 55 h。4月18日01:55-08:49,雌兽在洞巢外接受了雄兽1次爬跨、3次交配,每次交配持续时间分别为:731 s、1 690 s、1 494 s,交配维持时间明显大于多数已知哺乳动物的交配时间。观察初步结果显示:1)猪獾的交配时机由雌兽掌握,雌兽对雄兽有明确的邀配(sexual solici-tations)行为; 2)在一个发情周期内,雌兽可接受同一雄性个体的多次交配; 3)雄兽交配过程中有快速、持久抽插的动作。这些交配策略,支持生殖刺激(Stimulation of reproduction)假说和护卫交配权(Mate guarding)假说。     

检定稻田天敌与害虫捕食关系的新方法——炭凝集试验

炭凝集试验在流行病学上,如对鼠疫、霍乱、伤寒、痢疾、钩端螺旋体等疾病的诊断和鉴别方面,在国内外已有广泛的研究与应用;在植病的检验上,也作为一种检测方法.利用羊的红血细胞和聚苯乙烯胶状乳颗粒作为载体,用于田间检定捕食者与被捕食者的关系已有文献报道.本文利用炭粉作为载体的凝集反应方法,用于检测捕食者与被捕食者的关系.     

Behaviour modification by in vitro mutagenesis of a variable region within the period gene of Drosophila

The period gene of Drosophila melanogaster, implicated in the control of both the circadian and male courtship song rhythms, is found to be polymorphic. Alleles differ in the length of a region of the gene encoding a series of threonine-glycine repeat units. The phenotypes of transformed fruit flies, in which the only functional period gene lacks the entire perfect threonine-glycine repeat region, show that the effects of the period gene on the circadian and male courtship song rhythms can be dissociated.     

美洲大蠊下颚须扫描电镜观察

下颚须为美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)触角以外头部最长的附属构造,生于下颚,靠近口部,应是与蜚蠊取食活动有重要关系的器官。至今未见关于下颚须细微形态的报道,而关于触角超微结构的研究却很多。作者首次用扫描电镜观察了下颚须的细微构造,以期为将来蜚蠊饮食行为的研究提供形态学方面的基础资料。     

Fruitless specifies sexually dimorphic neural circuitry in the Drosophila brain

The Drosophila fruitless (fru) gene product Fru has been postulated to be a neural sex determination factor that directs development of the central nervous system (CNS), thereby producing male-typical courtship behaviour and inducing male-specific muscle. Male-specific Fru protein is expressed in small groups of neurons scattered throughout the CNS of male, but not female, Drosophila. Collectively, these observations suggest that Fru 'masculinizes' certain neurons, thereby establishing neural substrates for male-typical behaviour. However, specific differences between neurons resulting from the presence or absence of Fru are unknown. Previous studies have suggested that Fru might result in sexual differences in the CNS at the functional level, as no overt sexual dimorphism in CNS structure was discernible. Here we identify a subset of fru-expressing interneurons in the brain that show marked sexual dimorphism in their number and projection pattern. We also demonstrate that Fru supports the development of neurons with male-specific dendritic fields, which are programmed to die during female development as a result of the absence of Fru. Thus, Fru expression can produce a male-specific neural circuit, probably used during heterosexual courtship, by preventing cell death in identifiable neurons.     

去势对成年雄性斑胸草雀HVC-RA突触可塑性的影响

应用在体电生理方法研究了去势前后成年雄性斑胸草雀发声运动通路中HVC-RA 突触的可塑性变化,进一步探讨雄激素在调节鸣唱行为中的作用和机制.结果表明:低频刺激可引起 HVC-RA突触群体峰电位幅度的短时程抑制(Short-term depression, STD),高频刺激可引起群体峰电位幅度的长时程抑制(Long-term depression, LTD).而去势后30 d,鸣曲稳定时再给予同样的条件刺激,发现无论低频或高频刺激,HVC-RA 突触的短时程抑制和长时程抑制现象同时消失.研究结果显示:鸣曲稳定性可能依赖于HVC-RA通路的突触可塑性,雄激素在维持鸣曲稳定过程中发挥重要作用.     

Dopamine neurons modulate pheromone responses in Drosophila courtship learning

Learning through trial-and-error interactions allows animals to adapt innate behavioural ‘rules of thumb’ to the local environment, improving their prospects for survival and reproduction. Naive Drosophila melanogaster males, for example, court both virgin and mated females, but learn through experience to selectively suppress futile courtship towards females that have already mated. Here we show that courtship learning reflects an enhanced response to the male pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), which is deposited on females during mating and thus distinguishes mated females from virgins. Dissociation experiments suggest a simple learning rule in which unsuccessful courtship enhances sensitivity to cVA. The learning experience can be mimicked by artificial activation of dopaminergic neurons, and we identify a specific class of dopaminergic neuron that is critical for courtship learning. These neurons provide input to the mushroom body (MB) γ lobe, and the DopR1 dopamine receptor is required in MBγ neurons for both natural and artificial courtship learning. Our work thus reveals critical behavioural, cellular and molecular components of the learning rule by which Drosophila adjusts its innate mating strategy according to experience.     

Sexual behaviour: rapid speciation in an arthropod

Theory predicts that sexual behaviour in animals can evolve rapidly, accelerating the rate of species formation. Here we estimate the rate of speciation in Laupala, a group of forest-dwelling Hawaiian crickets that is characterized primarily through differences in male courtship song. We find that Laupala has the highest rate of speciation so far recorded in arthropods, supporting the idea that divergence in courtship or sexual behaviour drives rapid speciation in animals.