Elemental composition of aerosols collected in the glacier area on Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau, during summer monsoon season

In order to investigate the elemental composition in atmospheric aerosols and its sources in the glacier area over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), seven totally suspended particle samples were collected continuously at the col of the Zhadang glacier (30°28′N,90°39′E,5800 m a.s.l.), Nyainqêntanglha Range, southern TP, from June to October 2006. Twenty-seven elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Cd, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result indicates that the concentrations of most elements (especially crustal elements) are lower than values at the Nam Co Station during the same period of 2005, and also much lower than other sites in the TP such as Wudaoliang and Waliguan. This suggests that elemental compositions of aerosols in the Zhadang glacier area may represent the background levels of the middle/upper troposphere over the TP. Crustal enrichment factors (EFs) reveal that several elements (e.g. B, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Bi) may have anthropogenic sources. The southern TP is mainly influenced by the summer Indian monsoon during the sampling period. Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that air masses in the region may originate from South Asia. Therefore, anthropogenic pollutants from South Asia may be transported by the summer Indian monsoon to the region which clearly affects the atmospheric environment in the southern TP during the summer monsoon season.     

上海青浦城区西北片河网调水方案的效果分析

利用经过实际调水过程验证的二维数学模型,对上海青浦城区西北片河网的9种调水工况(6种边引边排和3种先排后引)进行了数值仿真,获得了每种工况结束时刻河网内的污染物浓度分布.以模拟结果为基础,对比分析了每种工况的调水效果,进而提出了优化的调水方案.     

水体痕量有机污染物分析检测方法研究进展

对水体中的有机污染物进行了分类,评述了水体有机污染物分析中GC、GC-MS、GC-FTIR等方法的特性和适用范围,介绍了国内外各种分析方法应用于水体有机污染物分析的研究现状,并指出水体有机污染物分析方法的发展方向。     

饮用水中有机污染物的深度处理技术

该文分析了饮用水中有机污染物的种类、危害及自来水厂处理工艺现状,在常规给水处理工艺的基础上综合论述了饮用水中有机污染物质深度处理技术.     

剧烈燃烧型污染事故大气扩散规律的研究

通过黄磷剧烈燃烧事故对土壤污染规律的研究,分析剧烈燃烧型污染事故大气污染物浓度分布趋势,选择复杂地形上三维平流扩散方程数值模式进行计算,并绘制出水平流场和垂直剖面流场以及地面浓度分布图     

Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health

Most air pollutants do not lead to specific diseases. Depending on the pollutant, the concentration and the duration of exposure, some organs are more affected than others. The most frequent disorders are those caused by irritant gases and particulates on the mucous membranes and respiratory organs. The consequences are eye, nose and throat inflammations, diminished lung function, increased susceptability to respiratory infection and a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis. These disorders and diseases are, of course, influenced by other factors as well, such as immune deficiency, allergies, occupational exposure to pollutants, and particularly smoking. The effects of air pollutants are, therefore, multifactorially conditioned and nonspecific disorders are placed in the foreground. Evidence for an association of air pollution with adverse effects on human health is drawn from three sources: animal experiments, experimental human exposures, and epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations. The burden of atmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect human health by an adequate safety margin. In particular, the increased sensitivity of sick and aged people as well as children should be taken into account. In defining the maximum emmission levels, preventive aspects should have priority so as to keep the risk of damage to health and the harmful influences on the environment to a minimum.This article Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health by H. U. Wanner is a revised version of the same article that was first published in the Proceedings of the 1990 European Aerosol Conference; special issue of the J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. 1 (1990) 389–396.Reprinted with kind permission from Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, Great Britain.     

基于可视图的衡阳市大气污染物时间序列分析

为研究大气污染物时间序列的非线性特征,基于2016年1月至2017年12月衡阳市PM2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度时间序列,应用可视图方法将两组时间序列映射到复杂网络中,并研究了相应网络的拓扑性质。结果表明:PM2.5和PM₁₀浓度时间序列网络的平均聚类系数、直径、网络密度和平均路径长度等网络特征参数和统计特征参数基本相同。PM2.5浓度时间序列在局部变化趋于平缓,矩阵图中存在明显聚集现象;PM₁₀浓度时间序列存在多个局部峰值,矩阵图中表现为多个重叠的大正方形。两个时间序列网络的累积度分布都具有幂律特征,网络具有无标度特性。原时间序列具有分形序列特征,赫斯特指数均大于0.5,都是持续性时间序列,表明大气污染物浓度时间序列具有长程记忆性。     

夏季大气中酞酸酯类污染物分析及污染源探讨

酞酸酯对人体健康极其有害.对北京市夏季大气中酞酸酯类污染物进行了定性定量分析,检测到酞酸酯类污染物共15种.其中一些属于美国国家环保局(EPA)优先控制的环境激素类污染物.其主要来源于塑料和树脂工业中广泛使用的增塑剂,也有相当部分来源于工业燃料的燃烧.从本次所测定的几种典型酞酸酯类的含量即可发现,北京市经过几年大力整治,2005年大气中的酞酸酯类污染物含量比2001年有所降低.     

西安市区大气污染物时空分布特征分析*

利用2014年10月31日～2015年11月31日西安市区13个环境空气质量监测站AQI、CO、SO_2、NO_2、O_3、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)逐日数据,分析了西安市区各种污染物的时空分布特征,研究污染物之间的相关性及西安和周边城市的空气质量相关性。结果表明,西安市空气主要分布国家标准在二三级之间,长安区超标率最低(24.41%)。利用空间插值法分析污染物空间分布各监测点夏季空气质量均优于冬季,长安区空气质量较好,主城区污染严重,西安大气污染物呈现明显的主城区向郊区递减变化趋势。月平均气温与CO、SO_2和PM_(10)显著负相关,与O_3显著正相关;月降雨量与CO、SO_2和PM_(10)显著负相关;日照时数与O_3显著正相关。SO_2月均浓度值在监测期中达到一级标准;O_3在5～8月份月均浓度值达到最大,其他月份均达到一级标准;NO_2在11月～次年1月月均浓度为全年最高,其他月份达到一级标准;CO在1～2月份浓度达到最高值,其他月份满足一级标准;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)在整个监测期内均未达到一级标准。西安和周边城市空气质量存在显著相关性,需要城市间协同解决大气污染问题。     

南京北郊冬季典型灰霾天气气象成因及来源分析

2015年1月14~28日南京发生了入冬以来最为严重的持续性霾污染事件。利用地面气象资料、后向轨迹分析和污染物浓度数据,结合加强观测实验所获得的3 h高频次PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的数据,分析了此次霾过程的成因和污染物来源。结果表明高压系统和静稳的均压场是观测期间霾过程形成的天气背景。后向轨迹和气态前体物的分析结果显示第一次霾过程的形成受到山西河北境内高污染气团区域传输的影响。第二次霾过程是一次短时局地污染事件,主要是由于低风速和极低的边界层高度等不利的扩散条件导致污染物在近地层的堆积。OC/EC计算结果(7.66)结合卫星火点资料和轨迹分析进一步说明第三次霾过程受到南方生物质燃烧的影响。高相对湿度有利于二次污染物的生成,因而加剧了第四次霾过程的污染程度。CO、SO_2、NO_2与颗粒物浓度显著相关,OC/EC比值范围2.54~11.61,表明化石燃料和生物质燃烧以及汽车尾气排放是此次观测期间霾形成的主要污染来源。